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DRAKSI

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 14.5M / #2   SPOKEN IN: Draksineon - 8M / Beurin - 1.7M / Galori - 1.5M / Rello - 1M / Miesz - 770K / Bim - 300K / Del - 300K / Sau-Hezib - 300K / Arlos - 200K / Ceweren - 150K / Chalornok - 100K / Jolim - 100K / Mersi - 80K   PERIOD OF USE: 300 UT to present   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE: Haidrak*  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
  Translation: züdz dzaos pin d’ios yä zmuj züdz tseos yä ab’ oyo gaw chtüsi
  Pronunciation: zɯʣ ˈʣaos pin ˈɗios jə zmuʤ zɯʣ ˈʦeos jə aɓ ˈojo gɔ ˈʧtɯsi
    Draksi word order: and stood he holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
 

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b c͡ç d g g͡b j k kʼ k͡p m n p pʼ s t tʼ x z ŋ ɓ ɗ ɟ͡ʝ ɠ ɣ ʃ ʄ ʒ ʣ ʤ ʦ ʧ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelar
Nasalmnŋ
Stopp pʼ bt tʼ dk kʼ g
Implosiveɓɗʄɠ
Affricateʦ ʣʧ ʤc͡ç ɟ͡ʝ
Fricatives zʃ ʒx ɣ
Approximantj
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Stopk͡p g͡b
  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɔ ə ɯ/  
FrontCentralBack
Highiɯ u
High-mideo
Midə
Low-midɔ
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: bj, c͡ç, d, dj, g, gj, g͡b, j, k, kj, kʼ, k͡p, m, mb, md, nd, nt, p, pʼ, s, sd, sj, sk, sx, t, tk, tʼ, x, z, zb, zm, zn, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ͡ʝ, ɠ, ɣ, ɣn, ʃ, ʃp, ʃt, ʄ, ʣ, ʤ, ʤd, ʤj, ʦ, ʧ, ʧt
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bs, bz, c͡ç, d, dd, dg, dm, dx, dʒ, dʣ, dʤ, g, gb, gg, gj, gn, gx, gz, gʒ, gʤ, g͡b, j, jb, jd, jn, js, k, kb, kd, kk, kt, kʃ, kʧ, kʼ, k͡p, m, mb, mj, mm, ms, mt, mʤ, mʦ, n, ng, nn, np, nt, nx, nʧ, p, pm, pn, ps, pʃ, pʧ, pʼ, s, sb, sd, sg, ss, sx, sz, sʧ, t, td, tg, tj, tk, tm, tp, tz, tʤ, tʦ, tʼ, x, xk, xz, z, zb, zd, zg, zm, zn, zp, ŋ, ŋb, ŋd, ŋg, ŋj, ŋk, ŋz, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ͡ʝ, ɠ, ɣ, ɣj, ʃ, ʃj, ʃm, ʄ, ʒ, ʒb, ʒd, ʒj, ʒn, ʣ, ʤ, ʤt, ʦ, ʦk, ʦn, ʦs, ʦt, ʧ, ʧg, ʧk, ʧm
Word final consonants: N/A   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • ʃ → x / B_#
  • m → w / _#
  • sk → ʃ / #_
  • t → ʔ / V_V
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
k͡pkp
ɡ͡bgb
ʣdz
ʦts
ɔaw
ə
ɯ
ʒzh
jy
ʤj
ɡg
ʧch
ŋng
xkh
ɗd’
ɓb’
ʃsh
ʄj’
ɠg’
ɟ͡ʝ
ɣ
c͡çch̀
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
 

Nouns

  Nouns have three cases:
  • Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
  • Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
  • Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
ErgativeSuffix -ɔ mdedmawaw /mdedˈmɔɔ/ dog (doing the verb to something)
AbsolutiveNo affix mdedmaw /ˈmdedmɔ/ dog (doing the verb, but not to something)
GenitiveSuffix -i mdedmawi /mdedˈmɔi/ dogʼs
   
SingularPlural
DefiniteIf ends with vowel: Suffix -g͡b Else: Suffix -ɔg͡b mdedmawgb /ˈmdedmɔg͡b/ the dog If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -əg mdedmawg /ˈmdedmɔg/ the dogs
IndefiniteNo affix mdedmaw /ˈmdedmɔ/ a dog If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʣ Else: Suffix -eʣ mdedmawdz /ˈmdedmɔʣ/ some dogs
 

Articles

  Draksi encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.  

Pronouns

 
ErgativeAbsolutiveGenitive
1st singulardyi /dji/ I u /u/ me, I ko /ko/ mine
2nd singulardaw /dɔ/ you b’e /ɓe/ you zma /zma/ yours
3rd singular mascpin /pin/ he, it pʼikh /pʼix/ him, it b’äb’ /ɓəɓ/ his, its
3rd singular femskhü /sxɯ/ she, it mi /mi/ her, it o /o/ hers, its
1st pluralkpe /k͡pe/ we kawzh /kɔʒ/ us, we shtag̀ /ʃtaɣ/ ours
2nd pluralgbo /g͡bo/ you all g̀u /ɣu/ you all sda /sda/ yours (pl)
3rd pluralmigb /mig͡b/ they khä /xə/ them, they b’eg’ /ɓeɠ/ theirs
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularkawg̀ /kɔɣ/ my
2nd singulargbaw /g͡bɔ/ your
3rd singular mascyä /jə/ his
3rd singular femznipʼ /znipʼ/ her
1st pluraldaw /dɔ/ our
2nd pluralg’u /ɠu/ your (pl)
3rd pluralmaw /mɔ/ their
 

Verbs

 
PresentIf ends with vowel: Suffix -z Else: Suffix -ɯz pünug̀üosüz /pɯˌnuɣɯˈosɯz/ learn
PastNo affix pünug̀üos /ˌpɯnuˈɣɯos/ learned
FutureIf ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -eg pünug̀üoseg /pɯˌnuɣɯˈoseg/ will learn
  Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Draksi uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:  
ImperfectiveParticle before the verb: sdə - sdä pünug̀üos /sdə ˌpɯnuˈɣɯos/ learns/is learning
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Draksi uses the word for ‘finish’ zib’os for the perfect aspect.  

Numbers

  Draksi has a base-10 number system:   1 - mi
2 - sä
3 - ü
4 - gawgb
5 - skä
6 - ndigb
7 - g̀u
8 - ipme
9 - zma
10 - ya
11 - yami “ten-one”
100 - tsoch̀ “hundred”
101 - tsoch̀ mi “hundred one”
200 - sä tsoch̀
1000 - zmapnüj̀üb’ “thousand”
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɯ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ͡ʝ Else: Suffix -aɟ͡ʝ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ͡ʝ Else: Suffix -əɟ͡ʝ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ikʼ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ͡ʝ Else: Suffix -eɟ͡ʝ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -əg
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɔt
Tending to = Suffix -aʣ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ix
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɯ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɔŋ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ə
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ok
Augmentative = Suffix -oʤ

Dictionary

4455 Words.

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