Haidrak* (Middle Draksi)

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC
PERIOD OF USE: 1150-400 UT
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE: Iadrak* - Old Draksi
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES: DRAKSI
DESCRIPTION: Despite bearing a monolithic name, Haidrak is properly divided into several sub-variants. Scholars of language preferred a single category to reflect the broad historical period during which it was in use, being the Middle Empires (1112-707).

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: po˦b i˥ pha˧hack i˦hack i˥ mi˦l po˦b mi˦hack i˥ ji˧nk be˦ kuh˥r hy˥s
Pronunciation: po˦p i˥ ˈpha˧hak ˈi˦hak i˥ mi˦l po˦p mi˦ˈhak i˥ ji˧ŋk bɛ˦ kuː˥ʁ hy˥s
Haidrak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w x z ç ŋ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʦ ʧ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Stop	p b		t d		c	k g		ʔ
Affricate			ʦ	ʧ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ	ç	x	ʁ	h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ
Tones: ˧ ˦ ˥

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː y yː		u uː
Near-high	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	e eː øː		o oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː œ		ɔ
Near-low		ɐ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, ch, cr, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, ph, pl, s, t, th, tr, tw, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nm, nst, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, p, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁb, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, ʧ
Word final consonants: f, ft, k, ks, kt, l, lk, lp, lpst, lst, lt, lʃ, m, mpf, n, nf, nft, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pt, pʃ, rst, rth, s, st, t, tk, tl, ts, tst, x, xt, ç, çt, çts, ŋ, ŋk, ŋks, ŋst, ʁ, ʁf, ʁk, ʁl, ʁn, ʁnst, ʁt, ʁts, ʁç, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʧ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• w → v / _a
• c → ch / _i
• q → qu / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
v	w
p	b / _#
t	dt / _#
ks	chs
x	ch
ç	ch
ʃ	sch
ʁ	r
z	s
ʦ	z
k	ck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s}	@@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʦj	ti
ʦ	zt / _#
ʦ	z
iː	ie
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä | e
œ	ö
aʊ	au
oː	o | oh | oo
ɔ	o
ɔʏ	eu
aɪ	ei | ai
yː	ü
ʏ	ü
uː	u | uh
ʊ	u
aː	a
ɐ	er / !_r
ɐ	e
ɪ	i
øː	ö
ø	ö
eː	ä | äh | e | eh | ee
ə	e
ʔ	∅

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

	Neuter
Singular	No affix
Plural	Suffix -oː˦

Articles

Haidrak has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ni˥ /nɪ˥/ I	leh˧ /leː˧/ me
2nd singular	ka˧ /kaː˧/ you (masc)	a˧ /a˧/ you
3rd singular masc	i˥ /i˥/ he	flee˧ /fleː˧/ him
3rd singular fem	po˧ /po˧/ she	a˦ /a˦/ her
3rd singular neut	ji˦m /ji˦m/ it	mi˧ /mi˧/ it
1st plural	mu˦ /mu˦/ we	loh˧ /loː˧/ us
2nd plural	gu˧ /gu˧/ you all	hai˦dt /haɪ˦t/ you all
3rd plural	tu˥ /tu˥/ they	hö˥ch /hœ˥ç/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ni˥ /nɪ˥/ my
2nd singular	a˧ /a˧/ your
3rd singular masc	i˥ /i˥/ his
3rd singular fem	po˧ /po˧/ her
3rd singular neut	ji˦m /ji˦m/ its
1st plural	mu˦ /mu˦/ our
2nd plural	hai˦dt /ˈhaɪ˦t/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tu˥ /tu˥/ their

Verbs

Present

	Neuter
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˧m i˦me˧hacka˧m /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhaka˧m/
2nd singular	Prefix iː˦- ie˦i˦me˧hack /ˌiː˦i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ns Else: Suffix -e˧ns i˦me˧hacke˧ns /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhake˧ns/ (it) learns
3rd singular neut	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -iː˧m i˦me˧hackie˧m /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakiː˧m/
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nst Else: Suffix -i˧nst i˦mä˧hacki˧nsdt /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈki˧nst/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -o˦k i˦me˧hacko˦k /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhako˦k/
3rd plural	Prefix i˥- i˥i˦me˧hack /ˌi˥i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (they) learn

Past

	Neuter
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʃ Else: Suffix -iː˧lʃ i˦mä˧hackie˧lsch /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakiː˧lʃ/
2nd singular	Suffix -y˧t i˦mä˧hacky˧dt /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhaky˧t/
3rd singular	Prefix nə˧- ne˧i˦mä˧hack /ˌnə˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (it) learned
3rd singular neut	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -i˦ʧ i˦me˧hacki˦ʧ /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈki˦ʧ/
1st plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gu˧- gi˦me˧hack /gi˦ˈmɛ˧hak/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁf Else: Suffix -œ˧ʁf i˦mä˧hackö˧rf /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakœ˧ʁf/
3rd plural	Prefix vɛ˥- wä˥i˦mä˧hack /vɛ˥ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ (they) learned

Future

	Neuter
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˦m i˦me˧hacka˦m /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈka˦m/
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -oː˦f i˦mä˧hackoh˦f /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈkoː˦f/
3rd singular	Prefix hœ˧- hö˧i˦mä˧hack /ˌhœ˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (it) will learn
3rd singular neut	Prefix ji˥- ji˥i˦me˧hack /ji˥ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhak/
1st plural	Suffix -a˧ i˦mä˧hacka˧ /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈka˧/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛ˧n i˦me˧hacke˧n /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakɛ˧n/
3rd plural	Prefix œ˧- ö˧i˦me˧hack /ˌœ˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (they) will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Haidrak uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: to˦ŋ - to˦ng i˦mä˧hack /to˦ŋ i˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Haidrak uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -u˦k i˦mä˧hacku˦k /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈku˦k/ have learned

Numbers

Haidrak has a base-20 number system:
1 - i˦
2 - a˧
3 - lo˥
4 - ko˧
5 - ma˥
6 - se˧m
7 - ki˧ji˧
8 - twa˦k
9 - uh˥s
10 - ji˧ko˦n
11 - i˧ch
12 - o˧b
13 - se˦f
14 - ja˧ʧi˧
15 - ka˦ʧ
16 - ma˧ng
17 - ke˧r
18 - ki˥ns
19 - ko˦nsdt
20 - a˧ka˧
21 - a˧ka˧ po˦b i˦] “twenty and one”
400 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ “one fourhundred”
401 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ i˦ “one fourhundred one”
800 - a˧ ka˦pi˦ “two fourhundred”
8000 - i˦ o˧b “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -hic
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -stal
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -yː˥
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix da-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i˧m
Noun to verb = Prefix aeth-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -huss
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -i˥m
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -prad
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aː˦m
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ar-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -hass
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -øː˧ʧ
Augmentative = Suffix -i˥

Dictionary

4417 Words.