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KAHREOL

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 9.45M / #3   SPOKEN IN: Kahrilo - 5M / Kalio - 1.5M / Uvan Empire - 1.5M / Rello - 700K / Jolim - 300K / Liij - 250K / Beribon (North) - 200K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: rert ke donrokˈsa prı belt go rert ke nim nelˈdük gop hilp müt   Pronunciation: ɾeɾt ke donɾokˈsa pɾɯ belt ɡo ɾeɾt ke nim nelˈdyk ɡop hilp myt     Kahreol word order: and his hat holding stood he and his wet face to the wind turned  

Alphabet

 

 

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d h j k l m n n̪ p r s t v z ŋ ɡ ɣ ɫ ɰ ɾ ʃ ʤ ʧ β/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmnŋ
Stopp bt dk ɡ
Affricateʧ ʤ
Fricativeβvs zʃɣh
Approximantjɰ
Tapɾ
Trillr
Lateral approximantl
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximantɫ
  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø ɯ/  
FrontBack
Highi yɯ u
High-mide øo
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pɾ, s, t, v, z, ɡ, ɾ, ʃ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dd, dj, dʃ, h, hb, hl, ht, hv, j, jd, jl, jm, jn, js, jv, jɡ, k, kl, ks, kt, kɾ, kʃ, l, ld, lk, lm, ln, ls, lt, lɡ, lʤ, m, md, ml, mʤ, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nn, ns, nsl, nt, nɾ, nʤ, n̪j, p, pɫ, pɾ, r, rk, rr, s, sk, sl, st, t, tb, tl, tm, ts, tt, tɾ, tʃ, tʃm, v, vl, z, zd, zl, zɡ, ŋɡ, ɡ, ɣ, ɣm, ɣɾ, ɰl, ɰls, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾh, ɾk, ɾkl, ɾl, ɾm, ɾt, ɾtʃ, ɾʃ, ʃ, ʃk, ʃl, ʃm, ʃt, ʤ, ʧ, ʧk, ʧm, βl, βɡ
Word final consonants: h, j, k, l, lm, lp, lt, m, n, ns, p, s, st, t, v, z, ɾ, ɾk, ɾs, ɾt, ʃ, ʃk, ʧ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • s → h / #_
  • h → ∅ / V_V
  • p → v / Vn_
  • l → ɬ / _t
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
ɡg
ɣğ
ɾr
ʃş
ʤc
ʧç
yü
jy
øö
ɯı
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door with a key opened Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 
SingularNo affix yırk /jɯɾk/ doɡ
PluralIf contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix y- ıˈyırk /ɯˈjɯɾk/ doɡs
 

Articles

 
DefiniteIndefinite
Singularsi /si/ the co /ʤo/ a
Pluralsolt /solt/ the ça /ʧa/ some
 

Pronouns

 
NominativeAccusative
1st singulare /e/ I /eʃ/ me
2nd singularo /o/ you (masc) /ɡø/ you
3rd singular mascgo /ɡo/ he, it ku /ku/ him, it
3rd singular fembu /bu/ she, it /vø/ her, it
1st pluralki /ki/ we /sy/ us
2nd plurala /a/ you all zeh /zeh/ you all
3rd pluralduç /duʧ/ they şo /ʃo/ them
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularşu /ʃu/ my
2nd singularrest /ɾest/ your
3rd singular mascke /ke/ his
3rd singular femçan /ʧan/ her
1st pluralbih /bih/ our
2nd pluralzey /zej/ your (pl)
3rd pluralnuns /nuns/ their
 

Verbs

  Kahreol uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
PastParticle before the verb: ni - ni nok /ni nok/ learned
  Kahreol uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: jo - yo nok /jo nok/ will learn
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Kahreol uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectIf contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix a- Else: Prefix i- aˈnok /aˈnok/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Kahreol has a base-10 number system:   1 - pür
2 - ıns
3 - pü
4 - lo
5 - çuyoyˈnam
6 - mü
7 - hi
8 - pi
9 - zöŋgörˈte
10 - or
11 - or rert pür “ten and one”
100 - zeksölˈkest “hundred”
101 - zeksölˈkest pür “hundred one”
200 - ıns zeksölˈkest
1000 - bulp “thousand”
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix e-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ʤo- Else: Prefix he-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix u- Else: Prefix y-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix e-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix jo- Else: Prefix pi-
Noun to verb = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ma- Else: Prefix ʧy-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɾɯ- Else: Prefix ɡi-
Tending to = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix u- Else: Prefix ø-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix pɾo- Else: Prefix si-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix i-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix du- Else: Prefix be-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ju- Else: Prefix zi-
Diminutive = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix a- Else: Prefix i-
Augmentative = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ma- Else: Prefix jø-

Dictionary

4421 Words.

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