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Borokaish

LANGUAGE FAMILY: KANNAI   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 80K / #68   SPOKEN IN: Miesz - 30K / Mersi - 20K / Albra - 10K / Galori - 10K / Jolim - 10K   Borokaish is the native language of a nomadic group living across southwestern Rela.   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: ke mumm fitto noʧ mä pfottʰ kä meʧ mä satti mecku micko uɮtʰ   Pronunciation: /kɛ mʊm fiˈto nɔʧ mɛ pfotʰ kɛ məʧ mɛ zaˈti meˈku miˈkɔ uɮtʰ     Borokaish word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f fː g h j k kʰ kː l lː m mː n nː p pː r rː s sː t tʰ tː v w wʲ x xʲ z ŋ ɮ ɮʲ ʁ ʃ ʋ ʔ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalm mːn nːŋ
Stopp pː bt tː tʰ dk kː kʰ gʔ
Affricateʦ ʦʰʧ ʧʰ
Fricativef fː vs sː zʃx xʲʁh
Approximantʋj
Trillr rː
Lateral fricativeɮ ɮʲ
Lateral approximantl lː
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Approximantw wʲ
  Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/   Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ  
FrontCentralBack
Highi iː y yːu uː
Near-highɪ ʏʊ
High-mide eː øːo oː
Midə
Low-midɛ ɛː œɔ
Near-lowɐ
Lowa aː
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, gʁ, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, pl, pʁ, s, t, tʁ, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃv, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, d, f, fː, h, hd, hj, hk, hm, ht, hʋ, j, k, ks, kː, l, lh, lj, lk, ll, lm, lp, lpː, lt, ltː, lʋ, lː, m, mp, mpː, mː, n, nh, np, nr, ns, nsː, nt, ntː, nː, p, ps, pt, pː, r, rh, rj, rk, rkː, rm, rp, rst, rt, rʋ, rː, s, sk, st, sː, t, tk, tn, ts, tː, ŋk, ŋkː, ʋ
Word final consonants: b, g, gtʰ, gʃ, gʦʰ, gʧ, gʧʰ, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, mʧ, n, nt, nx, r, rt, rtʰ, rʧʰ, s, stʰ, t, tʰ, w, ws, wʧʰ, wʲ, x, xʲ, ɮ, ɮs, ɮtʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • a → æ / i(C)_
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
vw
pb / _#
tdt / _#
kschs
xch
çch
ʃsch
ʁr
zs
ʦz
kck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s}@@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
ŋkntha
ŋng
ʦjti
ʦzt / _#
ʦts
ie
ɛːä
ɛä | e
Ϛ
au
o | oh | oo
ɔo
ɔʏeu
ei | ai
ü
ʏü
u | uh
ʊu
a
ɐer / !_r
ɐe
ɪi
øːö
øö
ä | äh | e | eh | ee
əe
ʔ
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

 
SingularNo affix mibbumm /miˈbum/ dog
PluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -ew mibbummew /mibuˈmew/ dogs
 

Articles

 
Definitelien /liːn/ the
Indefinitemi /mi/ a, some
 

Pronouns

 
1st singularglä /glɛ/ I, me, mine
2nd singularmissch /miʃ/ you, yours
3rd singular mascmumm /mʊm/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular femmo /mɔ/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st pluraljeib /jaɪb/ we, us, ours
2nd pluralmaɮs /maːɮs/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd pluralma /ma/ they, them, theirs
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singulariss /is/ my
2nd singularpew /pew/ your
3rd singular mascme /mɛ/ his
3rd singular femku /ku/ her
1st plurala /a/ our
2nd pluralman /maːn/ your (pl)
3rd pluralmu /mu/ their
 

Verbs

 
PresentPast
1st singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -aw ackiw /aˈkiw/ (I) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -ow ackiw /aˈkiw/ (I) learned
2nd singularSuffix -i ackii /akiˈi/ (you) learn Suffix -a ackia /akiˈa/ (you) learned
3rd singularSuffix -ox ackioch /akiˈox/ (he/she/it) learns If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -oʧ ackiʧ /aˈkiʧ/ (he/she/it) learned
1st pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -uːt ackidt /aˈkit/ (we) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an ackinn /aˈkin/ (we) learned
2nd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ib ackibb /aˈkib/ (you all) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -oːn ackinn /aˈkin/ (you all) learned
3rd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -uw ackiw /aˈkiw/ (they) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -eʧ ackiʧ /aˈkiʧ/ (they) learned
  Borokaish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: sis - siss acki /sis aˈki/ will learn
  Progressive aspect   The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.   Borokaish uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  
ProgressiveParticle before the verb: mu - mu acki /mu aˈki/ is learning
  Habitual aspect   The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).   Borokaish uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
HabitualParticle before the verb: bɛ - be acki /bɛ aˈki/ learns
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Borokaish uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectSuffix -a ackia /akiˈa/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Borokaish has a base-10 number system:   1 - a
2 - nu
3 - häm
4 - ta
5 - wumm
6 - fro
7 - scha
8 - podt
9 - pfonn
10 - ji
11 - ji kä a “ten and one”
100 - a ko “one hundred”
101 - a ko kä a “one hundred and one”
200 - nuh ko
1000 - a mew “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kʰ Else: Suffix -akʰ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -œr
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʰ Else: Suffix -atʰ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -oːm
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -an
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -uw
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -yr
Tending to = Suffix -os
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -i
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -u
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ib
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -it
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -im
Augmentative = Suffix -a

Dictionary

4451 Words.

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