Drekihelraedu
Natively known as: sutruz /sʌtˈʀʌʒ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...no thochiː triya vo gu geph no ranzig gu shra chiilshognus le gund
Pronunciation: /no θoˈʧiː tʀɪˈʤɑ vo gʌ gɛph no ʀɑnˈʒɪg gʌ ʃʀɑ ʧiːɪlˌʃognʌˈsʌ lɛ gʌnd/
Sutruzian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b c d g h j k l m n p r s t v x z↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Stop | p b | t d | c | k g | ||
Fricative | v | s z | x | h | ||
Approximant | j | |||||
Trill | r | |||||
Lateral approximant | l |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i | u |
High-mid | e | o |
Low | a |
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ? Sound changes (in order of application):
- a → ɑ
- b → b
- ch → ʧ
- c → ʧiː
- d → d
- e → ɛ
- f → f
- g → g
- h → h
- i → ɪ
- j → ʤ
- kk → k
- k → k
- ll → l
- l → l
- m → m
- ng → ŋ
- nn → n
- n → n
- o → o
- p → p
- q → k
- rr → ʀ
- r → ʀ
- sh → ʃ
- s → sʌ
- th → θ
- t → t
- u → ʌ
- v → v
- w → w
- x → ks
- y → ji
- z → ʒ
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
st | sut |
c | chi |
j | y |
x | kh |
ɑ | a |
b | b |
ʧ | ch |
d | d |
ɛ | e |
f | f |
g | g |
h | h |
ɪ | i |
ʤ | j |
k | ck |
l | l |
m | m |
ŋ | ng |
n | n |
o | o |
p | p |
ɹ | r |
ʃ | shu |
s | s |
θ | th |
t | t |
ʌ | u |
v | v |
w | w |
z | z |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
Nouns
Singular | No affix
ckrut /kʀʌt/ dog |
Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix hi- hickrut /hɪkˈʀʌt/ dogs |
Articles
Definite | chihe /ʧɛ/ the |
Indefinite | hi /hɪ/ a, some |
- Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
- Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
- Used for languages: ‘The English’
Pronouns
1st singular | gand /gɑnd/ I, me, mine |
2nd singular | ckhackh /khɑks/ you, yours |
3rd singular masc | thochi /θoˈʧiː/ he, him, his, it, its |
3rd singular fem | viph /vɪph/ she, her, hers, it, its |
1st plural | tho /θo/ we, us, ours |
2nd plural | sus /sʌʌˈsʌ/ you all, yours (pl) |
3rd plural | vo /vo/ they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | ba /bɑ/ my |
2nd singular | cku /kʌ/ your |
3rd singular masc | gu /gʌ/ his |
3rd singular fem | u /ʌ/ her |
1st plural | gri /gʀɪ/ our |
2nd plural | phri /phʀɪ/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | chion /ʧiːˈon/ their |
Verbs
Present | Past | Remote past | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix kh-
Else: Prefix khe- ckhechianzu /khɛˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (I) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix na- nachianzu /nɑˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (I) learned |
Prefix e-
echianzu /ɛˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (I) learned (long ago) |
2nd singular | Prefix i-
ichianzu /ɪˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (you) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix li- lichianzu /lɪˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (you) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix el-
Else: Prefix ele- elechianzu /ɛlɛˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (you) learned (long ago) |
3rd singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix shr-
Else: Prefix shro- shrochianzu /ʃʀoˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (he/she/it) learns |
Prefix che-
chihechianzu /ʧɛˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (he/she/it) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix str-
Else: Prefix stri- sutrichianzu /sʌtʀɪˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago) |
1st plural | Prefix bu-
buchianzu /bʌˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (we) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ta- tachianzu /tɑˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (we) learned |
Prefix gra-
grachianzu /gʀɑˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (we) learned (long ago) |
2nd plural | Prefix u-
uchianzu /ʌˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (you all) learn |
Prefix stri-
sutrichianzu /sʌtʀɪˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (you all) learned |
Prefix zi-
zichianzu /ʒɪˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (you all) learned (long ago) |
3rd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix kr-
Else: Prefix kro- ckrochianzu /kʀoˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (they) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ch-
Else: Prefix cha- chihachianzu /ʧɑˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (they) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix tr-
Else: Prefix tro- trochianzu /tʀoˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ (they) learned (long ago) |
Future | Particle before the verb: zhec -
zhechi chianzu /ʒhɛˈʧiː ʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).Sutruzian uses an affix for imperfective:
Imperfective | Prefix o-
ochianzu /oˌʧiːɑnˈʒʌ/ learns/is learning |
Numbers
Sutruzian has a base-10 number system: 1 - me2 - lond
3 - chihet
4 - luth
5 - grish
6 - ckes
7 - sutri
8 - ckreck
9 - go
10 - ckuh
100 - geta
1000 - thickh
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -icAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -a
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -e
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix zhu-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -e
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ldre
Else: Suffix -oldre
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sthe
Else: Suffix -usthe
Tending to = Suffix -i
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ik
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -i
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ch-
Else: Prefix chu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Diminutive = Prefix i-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ondr-
Else: Prefix ondri-