Innaru Blank Speech

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Natively known as: ʘexethě /ʘɘˈχɘθɤ/

Geographical Distribution

This was all across the continent before the Never Ending Crisis, now it is a dead language.

Phonology

Consonant inventory: /ŋ ɓ ɣ ɬ ɮ ɺ ʈ ʎ ʘ θ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal						ŋ
Stop				ʈ
Implosive	ɓ
Fricative		θ				ɣ	χ
Lateral fricative			ɬ ɮ
Lateral approximant					ʎ
Lateral tap			ɺ
Click	ʘ

Vowel inventory: /i æ ɑ ɘ ɤ ɵ̤ ʌ/

	Front	Central	Back
High	i
High-mid		ɘ ɵ̤	ɤ
Low-mid			ʌ
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ

Syllable structure: (C)(C)V
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: ŋ, ɓ, ɣ, ɬ, ɮ, ɺ, ʈ, ʎ, ʘ, θ, χ
Mid-word consonants: ŋ, ɓ, ɣ, ɬ, ɮ, ɺ, ʈ, ʎ, ʘ, θ, χ
Word final consonants: N/A

Phonological rules (in order of application):

• S→S[-voice] / _#

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
æ	a
ŋ	ng
ɑ	o
ɓ	b
ɘ	e
ɣ	x
ɤ	ě
ɬ	l
ɮ	lh
ɺ	r
ʈ	t
ʌ	u
ʎ	y
θ	th
χ	x

Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Noun

Nouns have four cases:
Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man
The ergative affix only appears if there is an absolutive in the sentence
Absolutive is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog
Absolutives are always no affix
Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man
Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog

Masculine

	Singular	Plural
Ergative	Prefix ɓɵ̤- bɵ̤xungě /ɓɵ̤ˈχʌŋɤ/	Suffix -ɓæ xungěba /χʌˈŋɤɓæ/
Absolutive	No affix xungě /ˈχʌŋɤ/	Prefix ʎɘ- yexungě /ʎɘχʌˈŋɤ/
Genitive	Suffix -ʎɘ xungěye /χʌˈŋɤʎɘ/	Prefix ɺɵ̤- rɵ̤xungě /ɺɵ̤ˈχʌŋɤ/
Dative	Prefix ɣæ- xaxungě /ɣæχʌˈŋɤ/	Suffix -ŋɑ xungěngo /χʌˈŋɤŋɑ/

Feminine

	Singular	Plural
Ergative	Prefix ɓɤ- běxungě /ɓɤχʌˈŋɤ/	Prefix θæ- thaxungě /θæχʌˈŋɤ/
Absolutive	No affix xungě /ˈχʌŋɤ/	Suffix -ʎɵ̤ xungěyɵ̤ /χʌˈŋɤʎɵ̤/
Genitive	Prefix ɓʌ- buxungě /ɓʌχʌˈŋɤ/	Suffix -χɤ xungěxě /χʌŋɤˈχɤ/
Dative	Suffix -θɑ xungětho /χʌˈŋɤθɑ/	Prefix ɺæ- raxungě /ɺæˈχʌŋɤ/

Neuter

	Singular	Plural
Ergative	Suffix -ʘɤ xungěʘě /χʌˈŋɤʘɤ/	Suffix -ɣʌ xungěxu /χʌˈŋɤɣʌ/
Absolutive	No affix xungě /χʌˈŋɤ/	Suffix -ɺɘ xungěre /χʌˈŋɤɺɘ/
Genitive	Prefix ɺɘ- rexungě /ɺɘˈχʌŋɤ/	Prefix ŋɑ- ngoxungě /ŋɑˈχʌŋɤ/
Dative	Suffix -ɮæ xungělha /χʌˈŋɤɮæ/	Suffix -χɵ̤ xungěxɵ̤ /χʌˈŋɤχɵ̤/

Articles

ʘexethěian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	e /ɘ/ I	lo /ɬɑ/ me	yo /ʎɑ/ my, mine	thi /θi/ to me
2nd singular	yɵ̤ /ʎɵ̤/ you	la /ɬæ/ you	bu /ɓʌ/ your, yours	ɵ̤ /ɵ̤/ to you
3rd singular masc	lhi /ɮi/ he, it	nge /ŋɘ/ him, it	lhu /ɮʌ/ his, its	lhɵ̤ /ɮɵ̤/ to him
3rd singular fem	ʘě /ʘɤ/ she, it	xu /χʌ/ her, it	o /ɑ/ her, hers, its	ʘo /ʘɑ/ to her
1st plural inclusive	xa /ɣæ/ we (including you)	xi /χi/ us (including you)	re /ɺɘ/ our, ours (including you)	ra /ɺæ/ to us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	u /ʌ/ we (excluding you)	ti /ʈi/ us (excluding you)	xo /ɣɑ/ our, ours (excluding you)	tho /θɑ/ to us (excluding you)
2nd plural	tha /θæ/ you (all)	ʘu /ʘʌ/ you (all)	ngɵ̤ /ŋɵ̤/ your, yours (all)	rě /ɺɤ/ to you (all)
3rd plural masc	tě /ʈɤ/ they (masculine)	a /æ/ them (masculine)	ri /ɺi/ their, theirs (masculine)	i /i/ to them (masculine)
3rd plural fem	rɵ̤ /ɺɵ̤/ they (feminine)	bě /ɓɤ/ them (feminine)	ye /ʎɘ/ their, theirs (feminine)	xa /χæ/ to them (feminine)

Verbs

Present	No affix rɵ̤thelho /ɺɵ̤ˈθɘɮɑ/
Past	Suffix -ʈɑ rɵ̤thelhoto /ˈɺɵ̤θɘˌɮɑʈɑ/
Future	Suffix -ɬæ rɵ̤thelhola /ɺɵ̤ˈθɘɮɑˌɬæ/

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying,
and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).

It is indicated with the affix:

Imperfect

Suffix -ʘɤ rɵ̤thelhoʘě /ɺɵ̤ˈθɘɮɑˌʘɤ/

Perfect aspect

Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’,
which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken
but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.

In ʘexethěian, the perfect is constructed with the word for ‘finish’ θɑŋɵ̤ + present tense of the verb.

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʎɵ̤-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ɬæ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ʘʌ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ʘɑ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɓɵ̤-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix ŋɑ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʎɤ-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix ɺɵ̤-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ʘɑ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix ʎɘ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ɺɤ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɬæ-
Diminutive = Prefix ʈʌ-
Augmentative = Prefix ʎɵ̤-

Ones of the most difficult pieces to translate. Due to the lack of texts and speakers to examine it was near impossible to rebuild.

— Archivist Renna 

Dictionary

4345 Words.

Spoken by

• Draconis
• Gryphor
• Kitsa
• Naganais
• Phoena

Common Phrases

Light protect you rixenge xoru la
Mother keep you safe oto buxi
Strong Insult bɵ̤ ara