Kausha (ˈkaʊʃɒ)

Kaushan is the langauge of the Eastern Principalities. It developed on the eastern coast of Mishtz̀azey and was the official language of Kingdom of Kiŗaun. After the principalities were created from the kingdom, each principality eventually developed it's own dialect and/or accent. A native speaker can generally tell which principality someone using Kaushan comes from based solely on their accent. However, this wouldn't be immediately obvious to an outsider.
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
bab vo vol dīdī pta badī bab ptit pta tikobi ŗobai sha ptor
Pronunciation: /bɒb voʊ voʊl ˈdiːdiː ptɒ ˈbɒdiː bɒb ptɪt ptɒ tɪˈkoʊbɪ ˈroʊbaɪ ʃɒ ˈptoʊɹ/
Kaushan word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d j k l n p r t v w ɹ ʃ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar
Nasal			n
Stop	p b		t d			k
Fricative		v		ʃ
Approximant			ɹ		j		w
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ iː oʊ ɒ ɪ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, oʊ

	Front	Back
High	iː
Near-high	ɪ
Low		ɒ

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, j, k, kw, n, pt, r, t, v, ʃ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, j, k, kw, l, n, r, t, v, ɹ, ʃ
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological rules (in order of application):

• j→Ø / V_V
• S→Ø / #_F
• S→Ø / #_F
• k→g / _#
• k→Ø / V_V
• j→ð / V_
• n→ɲ / _E
• t→d / #_
• b→Ø / V_V
• d→l / #_
• n→m / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aɪ	ai
aʊ	au
iː	ī
j	y
kw	q
oʊ	o
r	ŗ
ɒ	a
ɪ	i
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
ʊ	u

Morphology

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	No affix kishai /ˈkɪʃaɪ/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -ɒʃ kishaish /ˈkɪʃaɪʃ/
Feminine	No affix kishai /ˈkɪʃaɪ/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -vɪ Else: Suffix -aʊvɪ kishaivi /kɪˈʃaɪvɪ/
Neuter	No affix kishai /ˈkɪʃaɪ/	Suffix -oʊ kishaio /kɪˈʃaɪoʊ/

Articles

Definite	kai /kaɪ/ the
Indefinite	yau /jaʊ/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	sha /ʃɒ/ I, me
2nd singular	vī /viː/ you
3rd singular masc	vo /voʊ/ he, him, it
3rd singular fem	i /ɪ/ she, her, it
1st plural	nan /nɒn/ we, us
2nd plural	yī /jiː/ you (all)
3rd plural masc	īd /iːd/ they, them (masculine)
3rd plural fem	ni /nɪ/ they, them (feminine)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	tob /toʊb/ my
2nd singular	ī /iː/ your
3rd singular masc	pta /ptɒ/ his, its
3rd singular fem	baub /baʊb/ her, its
1st plural	shi /ʃɪ/ our
2nd plural	nai /naɪ/ your
3rd plural masc	kaur /kaʊɹ/ their (masculine)
3rd plural fem	shil /ʃɪl/ their (feminine)

Verbs

Future particle	nau /naʊ/ future tense particle
Present	No affix yīli /ˈjiːlɪ/
Past	Suffix -ɒʃ yīliash /jiːˈlɪɒʃ/
Remote past	Suffix -iːn yīliīn /jiːˈlɪiːn/

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying, and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).
It is indicated with the word:

Imperfect particle

a /ɒ/ imperfect particle

Perfect aspect

Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
In Kaushan, the perfect is constructed with an affix

Perfect

Prefix ɒ- ayīli /ɒˈjiːlɪ/

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r; else: Suffix -iːɹ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-; else: Prefix diː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix diː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix aɪt-; else: Prefix aɪtiː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-; else: Prefix tɪ-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-; else: Prefix diː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʃɒ-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-; else: Prefix kaɪ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix oʊkw-; else: Prefix oʊkwaɪ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-; else: Prefix jaʊ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l; else: Suffix -ɒl
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-; else: Prefix tɪ-
Diminutive = Prefix oʊ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-; else: Prefix diː-

Syntax

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Words are often shortened and abbreviated. For instance, the "office of records" is "Dīkoyai i Toshauvi" in full. However, in common usage it will be abbreviated to "Dītoshauvi", using just the first syllable of "dīkoyai", dropping the preposition (since it is close to "ī") and including the word for records in full.

Dictionary

4335 Words.

Successor Languages

• Shishībo

Spoken by

• Kaushan

Common Phrases

ptaib yib

What are you doing?