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Ouram

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 3.75M / #13   SPOKEN IN: Galori – 2.5M / Draksineon - 1M / Mersi - 250K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: mas breu feu cauu se padutu mas sou se upisa do lal vurutu   Pronunciation: mɐʃ bɾew ˈfeu ˈkɐwu sɨ ˈpadutu mɐʃ ˈsɔu sɨ ˈupisa dɔ lɐl ˈvuɾutu     Ouram word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f j k l m n p s t v w z ɡ ɲ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʒ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarUvular
Nasalmnɲ
Stopp bt dk ɡ
Fricativef vs zʃ ʒʁ
Approximantj
Tapɾ
Lateral approximantlʎ
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Approximantw
  Vowel inventory: /a e ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũ ɐ ɐ̃ ɐ̃w̃ ɔ ɛ ɨ/   Diphthongs: ɐ̃w̃  
FrontCentralBack
Highi ĩɨu ũ
High-mide ẽo õ
Low-midɛɔ
Near-lowɐ ɐ̃
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bɾ, d, dw, f, fl, fɾ, k, kl, kw, kɾ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɾ, s, t, tɾ, v, vj, ɡ, ɡɾ, ʁ, ʁj, ʃ, ʎ, ʒ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bɾ, d, dj, dʒj, f, j, jd, jt, jv, jz, jɲ, jɾ, jʃ, jʒ, k, kt, kɾ, l, ld, lm, lp, lt, lv, lɡ, m, n, nj, p, pl, pɾ, s, sj, sk, sp, st, stʃ, sw, t, tɾ, tʃ, v, vɾ, wk, wp, ws, wt, wtɾ, wv, wz, wɾ, z, ɡ, ɡw, ɡɾ, ɲ, ɲt, ɾ, ɾd, ɾj, ɾk, ɾm, ɾn, ɾp, ɾs, ɾt, ɾv, ɾɡ, ɾʒ, ʁ, ʁm, ʁs, ʃ, ʃk, ʃkɾ, ʃp, ʃs, ʃt, ʃtɾ, ʎ, ʒ, ʒm
Word final consonants: j, js, jʃ, l, s, w, wʃ, ɲ, ɲs, ɲʃ, ɾ, ʁ, ʃ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • v → ∅ / {t,d}_
  • n → ŋ / _#
  • s → h / V_V
  • z → d / V_
  • s → t / _#
  • m → w / _B
  • v → ft / _s
  • ʎ → ʒ / _{a,u}
  • N → ŋ / _#
  • k → c / _#
  • ɛ → ɛa / _l{C,
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
kwqu
kqu / _{i,e,ɛ}
kc
ɡg
ʎlh
ji
ʒj
ɾr
ʁr
ʃs / _#
ʃs / _C
ʃch
ɲnh
ɐ̃w̃ão
wu
ɨe
ɛe
ɔo
im / _#
im / _{p,b}
in
um / _#
um / _{p,b}
un
em / _#
em / _{p,b}
en
ɐ̃am / _#
ɐ̃am / _{p,b}
ɐ̃an
ɐa
om / _#
im / _{p,b}
on
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 
MasculineFeminine
SingularNo affix siltu /ˈsiltu/ man No affix gatenquilsa /ˈɡatẽˌkilsa/ woman
PluralIf starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pi- pisiltu /ˈpisiltu/ men If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sa- sagatenquilsa /ˈsaɡaˌtẽkilsa/ women
 

Articles

 
DefiniteIndefinite
Singularpi /pi/ the fe /fɨ/ a
Pluralga /ɡa/ the fa /fa/ some
 

Pronouns

 
1st singularquens /kẽʃ/ I, me, mine
2nd singularvi /vi/ you, yours
3rd singular mascbreu /bɾew/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular femdãou /dɐ̃w̃w/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural inclusivepa /pɐ/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusivepar /pɐɾ/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd pluralpi /pi/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural mascfros /fɾɔs/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural femna /nɐ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularpir /piʁ/ my
2nd singularda /da/ your
3rd singular mascse /sɨ/ his
3rd singular femviu /viw/ her
1st plural inclusivemar /mɐɾ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusiveseis /sɨjʃ/ our (excluding you)
2nd pluralcul /kul/ your (pl)
3rd plural mascsois /sɔjʃ/ their (masc)
3rd plural femma /mɐ/ their (fem)
 

Verbs

 

Present

 
MasculineFeminine
1st personIf starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɨ- feviu /ˈfɨviu/ Prefix nɐ- naviu /ˈnɐviu/
2nd personIf starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix nɐ- naviu /ˈnɐviu/ Prefix õ- onviu /ˈõviu/
3rd personPrefix ɐ- aviu /ˈɐviu/ Prefix dɨ- deviu /ˈdɨviu/

Past

 
MasculineFeminine
1st personIf starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ki- quiviu /ˈkiviu/ Prefix u- uviu /ˈuviu/
2nd personPrefix kɐ- caviu /ˈkɐviu/ If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lɐ- laviu /ˈlɐviu/
3rd personIf starts with vowel: Prefix ʁ- Else: Prefix ʁi- riviu /ˈʁiviu/ If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix de- deviu /ˈdeviu/

Remote past

 
MasculineFeminine
1st personPrefix i- iviu /ˈiviu/ Prefix su- suviu /ˈsuviu/
2nd personPrefix pɐ- paviu /ˈpɐviu/ If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tɛ- teviu /ˈtɛviu/
3rd personIf starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix vu- vuviu /ˈvuviu/ Prefix ʃa- chaviu /ˈʃaviu/
  Ouram uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: flɐ̃ - flam viu /flɐ̃ ˈviu/ will learn
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Ouram uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectPrefix vi- viviu /ˈviviu/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Ouram has a base-20 number system:   1 - vi
2 - rie
3 - ul
4 - bu
5 - fopi
6 - sucal
7 - la
8 - ses
9 - feus
10 - su
11 - cusal
12 - sus
13 - pruti
14 - utes
15 - dinider
16 - feu
17 - uis
18 - fanh
19 - amer
20 - brenhs
21 - brenhs mas vi “twenty and one”
400 - tanus “fourhundred”
401 - tanus vi “fourhundred one”
800 - rie tanus “two fourhundred”
8000 - setar “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Prefix pɾu-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ɐ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix va-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix vi-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lɐ-
Noun to verb = Prefix fe-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ɛ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix bɾ- Else: Prefix bɾe-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix dẽ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ɐ̃w̃-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ɐ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwɨ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix tɾ- Else: Prefix tɾɨ-
Augmentative = Prefix se-

Dictionary

4435 Words.

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