Kirran Common

The language most common the the realm of Kirru, mostly spoken by humans.

Natively known as: kirran /kiˈrran/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ka nan nie o ukyu wanbeka ka o kobun dengen osanson bubyan san
Pronunciation: /ka man miˈe o uˈkju wambeˈka ka o koˈbun deŋˈgen osanˈson buˈbjan san/
Kirran word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d g h j k m n p s t w z ŋ ɾ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Stop	p b	t d		k g
Fricative		s z			h
Approximant			j
Tap		ɾ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ŋ	n
m	n
j	y
ɾ	r

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix zunreri /zunɾeˈɾi/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ki- kizunreri /kiˌzunɾeˈɾi/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Prefix gu- guzunreri /guˌzunɾeˈɾi/ dogʼs
Dative	Prefix su- suzunreri /suˌzunɾeˈɾi/ to (the/a) dog

	Singular	Plural
Definite	No affix zunreri /zunɾeˈɾi/ the dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix da- dazunreri /daˌzunɾeˈɾi/ the dogs
Indefinite	Prefix i- izunreri /iˌzunɾeˈɾi/ a dog	Prefix e- ezunreri /eˌzunɾeˈɾi/ some dogs

Articles

Kirran encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	run /ɾun/ I	hin /hin/ me	un /un/ mine	ko /ko/ to me
2nd singular	son /son/ you	on /on/ you	non /mon/ yours	ka /ka/ to you
3rd singular masc	nan /man/ he, it	tan /tan/ him, it	ga /ga/ his, its	an /an/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	nun /nun/ she, it	bo /bo/ her, it	pu /pu/ hers, its	ku /ku/ to her, at it
1st plural	wan /wan/ we	kin /kin/ us	no /mo/ ours	bun /bun/ to us
2nd plural	gin /gin/ you all	ten /ten/ you all	o /o/ yours (pl)	pa /pa/ to you all
3rd plural	en /en/ they	a /a/ them	sa /sa/ theirs	ba /ba/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	non /non/ my
2nd singular	a /a/ your
3rd singular masc	o /o/ his
3rd singular fem	ku /ku/ her
1st plural	bon /bon/ our
2nd plural	ru /ɾu/ your (pl)
3rd plural	yu /ju/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix ba- bakingu /bakiŋˈgu/ (I) learn	Prefix u- ukingu /ukiŋˈgu/ (I) learned
2nd singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix so- sokingu /sokiŋˈgu/ (you) learn	Prefix e- ekingu /ekiŋˈgu/ (you) learned
3rd singular	Prefix a- akingu /akiŋˈgu/ (he/she/it) learns	Prefix mu- nukingu /mukiŋˈgu/ (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma- nakingu /makiŋˈgu/ (we) learn	Prefix ba- bakingu /bakiŋˈgu/ (we) learned
2nd plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix to- tokingu /tokiŋˈgu/ (you all) learn	Prefix bu- bukingu /bukiŋˈgu/ (you all) learned
3rd plural	Prefix wa- wakingu /wakiŋˈgu/ (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix nu- nukingu /nukiŋˈgu/ (they) learned

Kirran uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ko - ko kingu /ko kiŋˈgu/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Kirran uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: zun - zun kingu /zun kiŋˈgu/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Kirran uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku- kukingu /kukiŋˈgu/ learns

Numbers

Kirran has a base-20 number system:
1 - i
2 - un
3 - be
4 - re
5 - rinpo
6 - zun
7 - en
8 - ken
9 - ogyuni
10 - run
11 - kahinbo
12 - hoyu
13 - gupan
14 - ihon
15 - hari
16 - nuden
17 - keso
18 - aokan
19 - puneza
20 - anen
(Four) hundred - zupun
(Eight) thousand - yugin

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix i-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋge
Else: Suffix -oŋge
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -en
Noun to verb = Prefix a-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix su-
Tending to = Suffix -e
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -e
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -a
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -en
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un

Dictionary

3029 Words.

Root Languages

• Common

Spoken by

• Kirran