Ixiwian Common

The most common language spoken in the realm of Ixuil, mostly by humans.

Natively known as: ikhwian /iˈkʰwiɒn/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
mfo e ki nkel kha nhlast mfo tson kha in denant xi kimetal
Pronunciation: /mfɔ ɛ ki ŋkɛl kʰɒ nɬɒst mfɔ ʦʼɔn kʰɒ in ˈdɛnɒnt ǂi kiˈmɛtɒl/
Ixiwian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b b̤ d f g h j k kʰ l m n p pʰ r s t tʰ v w z ŋ ǀ ǀʰ ǂ ǂʰ ǃ ǃʰ ɦ ɬ ɮ ɲ ʃ ʤ ʦʼ ʧʼ ᵑǀ ᵑǀ̤ ᵑǂ̤ ᵑǃ ᵑǃ̤ ᶢǀ̤ ᶢǃ̤

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p pʰ b b̤			t tʰ d			k kʰ g
Affricate				ʦʼ	ʧʼ ʤ
Fricative		f v		s z	ʃ			h ɦ
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral fricative				ɬ ɮ
Lateral approximant				l
Click			ǀ ǀʰ ᵑǀ ᵑǀ̤ ᶢǀ̤	ǃ ǃʰ ᵑǃ ᵑǃ̤ ᶢǃ̤		ǂ ǂʰ ᵑǂ̤

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: i u ɒ ɔ ɛ

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low		ɒ

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
bʱ	bh
ᵑǀʱ	ngc
ᵑǃʱ	ngq
ᵑǂʱ	ngx
ɲʧʼ	ntsh
ʧʼ	tsh
ᶢǃʱ	gq
ᶢǂʱ	gx
ᶢǀʱ	gc
ᵑǂ	nx
ǂʰ	xh
ᵑǃ	nq
kʰ	kh
ǃʰ	qh
ǃ	q
ǂ	x
ŋk	nk
ᵑǀ	nc
ǀʰ	ch
ǀ	c
ɮ	dl
j	y
ɲʤ	nj
ʤ	j
ɲ	ny
ɦ	hh
ɬ	hl
pʰ	ph
ʃ	sh
tʰ	th
ʦʼ	ts
ɒ	a
ɛ	e
ɔ	o

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix khe /kʰɛ/ man	No affix shalwu /ˈʃɒlwu/ woman
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ff Else: Suffix -ɒff kheff /kʰɛff/ men	Suffix -in shalwuin /ʃɒˈlwuin/ women

Articles

Definite	lo /lɔ/ the
Indefinite	mno /mnɔ/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

Pronouns

1st singular	loc /lɔǀ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	se /sɛ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	e /ɛ/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	nday /ndɒj/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural inclusive	mdlin /mɮin/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ncwa /ᵑǀwɒ/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	kiff /kiff/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	mnyit /mɲit/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	phup /pʰup/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	nkul /ŋkul/ my
2nd singular	pla /plɒ/ your
3rd singular masc	kha /kʰɒ/ his
3rd singular fem	xa /ǂɒ/ her
1st plural inclusive	ne /nɛ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	yass /jɒss/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	hap /hɒp/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	qi /ǃi/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	qhwa /ǃʰwɒ/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st singular	Suffix -ɔ qhalao /ǃʰɒˈlɒɔ/ (I) learn	Suffix -ɔn qhalaon /ǃʰɒˈlɒɔn/ (I) learned	Suffix -ɒt qhalaat /ǃʰɒˈlɒɒt/ (I) learned (long ago)
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ɔr qhalar /ˈǃʰɒlɒr/ (you) learn	Suffix -ɔt qhalaot /ǃʰɒˈlɒɔt/ (you) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wn Else: Suffix -uwn qhalawn /ˈǃʰɒlɒwn/ (you) learned (long ago)
3rd singular masc	Suffix -ɒ qhalaa /ǃʰɒˈlɒɒ/ (he) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mnɒ Else: Suffix -ɒmnɒ qhalamna /ǃʰɒˈlɒmnɒ/ (he) learned	Suffix -ɛp qhalaep /ǃʰɒˈlɒɛp/ (he) learned (long ago)
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ll Else: Suffix -ɒll qhalall /ˈǃʰɒlɒll/ (she) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ss Else: Suffix -ɛss qhalass /ˈǃʰɒlɒss/ (she) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ɒt qhalat /ˈǃʰɒlɒt/ (she) learned (long ago)
1st plural inclusive	Suffix -ɛ qhalae /ǃʰɒˈlɒɛ/ (we) learn (including you)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wn Else: Suffix -ɛwn qhalawn /ˈǃʰɒlɒwn/ (we) learned (including you)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -dwɛ Else: Suffix -ɛdwɛ qhaladwe /ǃʰɒˈlɒdwɛ/ (we) learned (including you) (long ago)
1st plural exclusive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ɔl qhalal /ˈǃʰɒlɒl/ (we) learn (excluding you)	Suffix -i qhalai /ǃʰɒˈlɒi/ (we) learned (excluding you)	Suffix -ɒll qhalaall /ǃʰɒˈlɒɒll/ (we) learned (excluding you) (long ago)
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ᵑǃ̤ɔ Else: Suffix -iᵑǃ̤ɔ qhalangqo /ǃʰɒˈlɒᵑǃ̤ɔ/ (you all) learn	Suffix -uj qhalauy /ǃʰɒˈlɒuj/ (you all) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ng Else: Suffix -ung qhalang /ˈǃʰɒlɒng/ (you all) learned (long ago)
3rd plural masc	Suffix -ɔwn qhalaown /ǃʰɒˈlɒɔwn/ (they) learn	Suffix -ɔj qhalaoy /ǃʰɒˈlɒɔj/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -uf qhalaf /ˈǃʰɒlɒf/ (they) learned (long ago)
3rd plural fem	Suffix -ɛgh qhalaegh /ǃʰɒˈlɒɛgh/ (they) learn	Suffix -ɛnt qhalaent /ǃʰɒˈlɒɛnt/ (they) learned	Suffix -ɔr qhalaor /ǃʰɒˈlɒɔr/ (they) learned (long ago)

Ixiwian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: kʰɔ - kho qhala /kʰɔ ˈǃʰɒlɒ/ will learn

Numbers

Ixiwian has a base-10 number system:
1 - no
2 - mpophe
3 - nju
4 - ozwi
5 - mzu
6 - chop
7 - nza
8 - wu
9 - ngqong
10 - zile
Hundred - fi
Thousand - mec

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -ɔl
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gh
Else: Suffix -igh
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -wn
Else: Suffix -uwn
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɛt
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -ɒn
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɔst
Tending to = Suffix -i
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɔ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɛt
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɒ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nwi
Else: Suffix -inwi
Diminutive = Suffix -i
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mʃɛ
Else: Suffix -ɔmʃɛ

Dictionary

3014 Words.

Root Languages

• Common

Spoken by

• Ro