Orcish

Natively known as: krotrohd /ˈkɹotɹohd/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
naez ag gnonlo ka ag egovr naez ggard ag uchul thanuf ldohkiz onthud
Pronunciation: /ˈnɑɛz ɑg ˈgnonlo kɑ ɑg ˈɛgovɹ ˈnɑɛz gɑɹd ɑg ˈʌkʌl ˈθɑnʌf ˈldohkɪz ˈonθʌd/
Krotrohdian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v z

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g
Fricative		f v	s z			h
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Sound changes (in order of application):

• a → ɑ
• bb → b
• b → b
• ch → ʧ
• c → k
• d → d
• e → ɛ
• ff → f
• f → f
• gg → g
• g → g
• h → h
• i → ɪ
• j → ʤ
• kkk → k
• kk → k
• k → k
• ll → l
• l → l
• m → m
• ng → ŋ
• nn → n
• n → n
• o → o
• p → p
• q → k
• rr → ʀ
• r → ɹ
• sh → ʃ
• ss → s
• s → s
• th → θ
• t → t
• u → ʌ
• v → v
• w → w
• x → ks
• y → i
• z → z

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
c	ch
j	y
ɑ	a
b	b
ʧ	ch
d	d
ɛ	e
f	f
g	g
h	h
i	i
ɪ	i
ʤ	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
ŋ	ng
n	n
o	o
p	p
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
s	s
θ	th
t	t
ʌ	u
v	v
w	w
x	ks
z	z

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Singular	No affix ri /ɹɪ/ dog
Plural	Prefix ro- rori /ˈɹoɹɪ/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	othech /ˈoθɛk/ the	lahk /lɑhk/ a
Plural	dachhit /ˈdɑʧɪt/ the	adhmolkk /ˈɑdhmolk/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Pronouns

1st singular	u /ʌ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	o /o/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ag /ɑg/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc)
3rd singular fem	e /ɛ/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem)
1st plural inclusive	gak /gɑk/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	a /ɑ/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	eth /ɛθ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	ig /ɪg/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	u /ʌ/ my
2nd singular	o /o/ your
3rd singular masc	ag /ɑg/ his
3rd singular fem	e /ɛ/ her
1st plural inclusive	gak /gɑk/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	a /ɑ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	eth /ɛθ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ig /ɪg/ their

Verbs

	Future
1st person	Suffix -oc gadoch /ˈgɑdok/ (I/we) will learn
2nd person	Suffix -ak gadak /ˈgɑdɑk/ (you/you all) will learn
3rd person	Prefix me- megad /ˈmɛgɑd/ (he/she/it/they) will learn

Krotrohdian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: acov - achov gad /ˈɑkov gɑd/ learned

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Krotrohdian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: ko - ko gad /ko gɑd/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Krotrohdian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -dh Else: Suffix -i gadi /ˈgɑdɪ/ have learned

Numbers

Krotrohdian has a base-20 number system:
1 - trikk
2 - ffechda
3 - gun
4 - mil
5 - mem
6 - chrehd
7 - mkulku
8 - ekzgram
9 - be
10 - ovrko
11 - prat
12 - avech
13 - vro
14 - vra
15 - hi
16 - ibrlachh
17 - ovh
18 - kun
19 - bru
20 - thimghem
400 - vru
8000 - chhuthtum

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -th
Else: Suffix -i
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -odh
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix tha-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h
Else: Suffix -e
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ok
Noun to verb = Suffix -on
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix dho-
Tending to = Suffix -ugh
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix gro-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -um
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gr
Else: Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -br
Else: Suffix -u
Diminutive = Prefix tha-
Augmentative = Suffix -och

Dictionary

3095 Words.