Bizheptian

Natively known as: runch /ɹʌnkh/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
mu siat siat chnaph chalmes chero mu seh so siat nuch shambet rucirte
Pronunciation: /mʌ ʃɑt ʃɑt khnɑf ˈkhɑlmɛs ˈkhɛɹo mʌ sɛh so ʃɑt nʌkh ˈʃɑmbɛt ɹʌˈkɪɹtɛ/
Runchi word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t v z

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g	q
Fricative		f v	s z				h
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u y

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Sound changes (in order of application):

• a → ɑ
• bb → b
• b → b
• ch → k
• c → k
• d → d
• e → ɛ
• ff → f
• f → f
• gg → g
• g → g
• h → h
• i → ɪ
• j → ʤ
• kk → k
• k → k
• ll → l
• l → l
• m → m
• ng → ŋ
• nn → n
• n → n
• o → o
• p → p
• q → k
• rr → ʀ
• r → ɹ
• sh → ʃ
• ss → s
• s → s
• th → θ
• t → t
• u → ʌ
• v → v
• w → w
• x → ks
• y → i
• z → z

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
f	ph
v	f
k	c
ŋ	ng
χ	ch
θ	th
r̥	rh
ɬ	ll
ð	dd
ɪu̯	iw
ɨu̯	uw
ʊɨ̯	wy
ɛu̯	ew
ɔi̯	oi
əu̯	yw
eɨ̯	ey
aː	a
ɔ	o
oː	o
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɛ	e
uː	w
ʊ	w
j	i
ɨː	y
ɨ	y
ə	y
ʃ	si
n̥	n
̯
ɑ	a
b	b
ʧ	ch
d	d
f	f
g	g
h	h
ʤ	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
n	n
o	o
p	p
ɹ	r
s	s
t	t
ʌ	u
v	v
w	w
z	z

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: hat - hat myr /hɑt miɹ/ dogs

Nominative	No affix myr /miɹ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix sh- Else: Prefix she- shemyr /ˈʃɛmiɹ/ (verb done to) dog

Articles

Definite	hy /hi/ the
Indefinite	cucht /kʌkht/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	phyt /phit/ I	nu /nʌ/ me
2nd singular	pun /pʌn/ you	heps /hɛps/ you
3rd singular	shat /ʃɑt/ he, she, it	te /tɛ/ him, her, it
1st plural	na /nɑ/ we	phos /phos/ us
2nd plural	thys /θis/ you all	ry /ɹi/ you all
3rd plural	sa /sɑ/ they	ma /mɑ/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	phit /phɪt/ my
2nd singular	pun /pʌn/ your
3rd singular	siat /ʃɑt/ his, her, its
1st plural	na /nɑ/ our
2nd plural	this /θɪs/ your (pl)
3rd plural	sa /sɑ/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix chanch /khɑnkh/ learn
Past	Prefix u- uchanch /ˈʌkhɑnkh/ learned
Remote past	Prefix a- achanch /ˈɑkhɑnkh/ learned (long ago)

Runchi uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: py - py chanch /pi khɑnkh/ will learn

Numbers

Runchi has a base-10 number system:
1 - pna
2 - nuns
3 - thun
4 - phich
5 - phe
6 - nacins
7 - ca
8 - chny
9 - se
10 - pe
100 - teco
1000 - shyt

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix tu-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix py-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix pn-
Else: Prefix pna-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix pe-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sch-
Else: Prefix schu-
Noun to verb = Prefix thu-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix to-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ink-
Else: Prefix inke-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sh-
Else: Prefix sha-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix ri-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix o-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix su-
Diminutive = Prefix o-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix ry-

Dictionary

3080 Words.