Gudnerish

Natively known as: gudner /gʌdˈnɛɹ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
knunkah gudret guvur shigud rhyzek roman knunkah shigud knegarm favynk atr nergudfan shanoh
Pronunciation: /knʌnˈkɑh gʌˈdɹɛt gʌˈvʌɹ ʃɪˈgʌd ɹhɪˈzɛk ɹoˈmɑn knʌnˈkɑh ʃɪˈgʌd knɛˈgɑɹm fɑˈvɪnk ɑtɹ nɛɹgʌdˈfɑn ʃɑˈnoh/
Gudnerish word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h k l m n p r s t v x z

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	k g
Fricative		f v	s z	x	h
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u y

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ?
Sound changes (in order of application):

• a → ɑ
• b → b
• ch → ʧ
• c → k
• d → d
• e → ɛ
• f → f
• g → g
• h → h
• i → ɪ
• j → ʤ
• kk → k
• k → k
• ll → l
• l → l
• m → m
• ng → ŋ
• nn → n
• n → n
• o → o
• p → p
• q → k
• r → ɹ
• sh → ʃ
• s → s
• th → θ
• t → t
• u → ʌ
• v → v
• w → w
• x → ks
• y → i
• z → z

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɑ	a
b	b
ʧ	ch
d	d
ɛ	e
f	f
g	g
h	h
i	y
ɪ	i
ʤ	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
ŋ	ng
n	n
o	o
p	p
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
s	s
θ	th
t	t
ʌ	u
v	v
w	w
x	ks
z	z

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix bathan /bɑˈθɑn/ dog (doing the verb)	Prefix la- labathan /lɑbɑˈθɑn/ dogs (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -o bathano /bɑθɑˈno/ (verb done to) the/a dog	Prefix to- tobathan /tobɑˈθɑn/ (verb done to) dogs
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -i bathany /bɑθɑˈnɪ/ dogʼs	Prefix ga- gabathan /gɑbɑˈθɑn/ dogsʼ
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -sh Else: Suffix -e bathane /bɑθɑˈnɛ/ to the/a dog	Prefix bi- bybathan /bɪbɑˈθɑn/ to dogs

Articles

Gudnerish has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	ma /mɑ/ I	etlash /ɛˈtlɑʃ/ me	nergud /nɛɹˈgʌd/ mine	al /ɑl/ to me
2nd singular	a /ɑ/ you	nerbo /nɛɹˈbo/ you	mogud /moˈgʌd/ yours	mu /mʌ/ to you
3rd singular masc	gudret /gʌˈdɹɛt/ he, it (masc)	shygud /ʃɪˈgʌd/ his, it (masc)	gud /gʌd/ his, its (masc)	uf /ʌf/ to his, to it (masc)
3rd singular fem	ara /ɑˈɹɑ/ she, it (fem)	gudbuk /gʌdˈbʌk/ her, it (fem)	ner /nɛɹ/ hers, its (fem)	gudner /gʌdˈnɛɹ/ to her, to it (fem)
1st plural	gar /gɑɹ/ we	mynfyh /minˈfɪh/ us	ta /tɑ/ ours	arh /ɑɹh/ to us
2nd plural	aner /ɑˈnɛɹ/ you all	osh /oʃ/ you all	nershe /nɛɹˈʃɛ/ yours (pl)	etr /ɛtɹ/ to you all
3rd plural	guda /gʌˈdɑ/ they	am /ɑm/ them	ym /ɪm/ theirs	ytra /ɪˈtɹɑ/ to them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	nergud /nɛɹˈgʌd/ my
2nd singular	mogud /moˈgʌd/ your
3rd singular masc	shigud /ʃɪˈgʌd/ his
3rd singular fem	ner /nɛɹ/ her
1st plural	ta /tɑ/ our
2nd plural	nershe /nɛɹˈʃɛ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	im /ɪm/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st singular	Suffix -il mynashyl /mɪnɑˈʃɪl/ (I) learn	Prefix re- remynash /ɹɛmɪˈnɑʃ/ (I) learned
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -a mynasha /mɪnɑˈʃɑ/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rh Else: Suffix -a mynasha /mɪnɑˈʃɑ/ (you) learned
3rd singular	Prefix mu- mumynash /mʌmɪˈnɑʃ/ (he/she/it) learns	Prefix me- memynash /mɛmɪˈnɑʃ/ (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -a mynasha /mɪnɑˈʃɑ/ (we) learn	Suffix -at mynashat /mɪnɑˈʃɑt/ (we) learned
2nd plural	Prefix ra- ramynash /ɹɑmɪˈnɑʃ/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -o mynasho /mɪnɑˈʃo/ (you all) learned
3rd plural	Suffix -ol mynashol /mɪnɑˈʃol/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -e mynashe /mɪnɑˈʃɛ/ (they) learned

Gudnerish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: gudmi - gudmy mynash /gʌdˈmɪ mɪˈnɑʃ/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Gudnerish uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -u mynashu /mɪnɑˈʃʌ/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Gudnerish uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

Suffix -el mynashel /mɪnɑˈʃɛl/ learns

Numbers

Gudnerish has a base-10 number system:
1 - anerryh
2 - yb
3 - kranat
4 - raddlash
5 - a
6 - nera
7 - meddler
8 - rhoshashner
9 - mohfosner
10 - tyhkan
100 - gudrynloks
1000 - bu

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ly-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ul
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sh
Else: Suffix -e
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ar
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -o
Noun to verb = Prefix ta-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix knu-
Tending to = Prefix tru-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix fo-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ig
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kn
Else: Suffix -e
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -a
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tr
Else: Suffix -u
Augmentative = Suffix -eb

Dictionary

3122 Words.