Dwarvish

Natively known as: romangadr /ɹoˈmɑŋɑdɹ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
om gei mim man gu mora om tha gu gydar mero rín bei
Pronunciation: /om gɛ mɪm mɑn gʌ ˈmɔɹɑ om hɑ gʌ ˈgidɑɹ ˈmɛɹo ɹiːn bɛ/
Romangadrish word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b bʲ bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h j k l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ r s sˠ t tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x z ç ŋ ɟ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m mʲ mˠ		n̪ˠ	n nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pʲ pˠ b bʲ bˠ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	t tʲ d dʲ		c ɟ	k g
Fricative		f fʲ fˠ v vʲ vˠ		s sˠ z	ʃ	ç	x	h
Approximant						j
Tap				ɾʲ ɾˠ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

Vowel inventory: a e eː i ia̯ iə̯ iː o oː u uə̯ uː y ɑː ɔ əi̯ əu̯ ɛ ɪ ʊ
Diphthongs: ia̯ iə̯ uə̯ əi̯ əu̯ ?

	Front	Back
High	i iː y	u uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Sound changes (in order of application):

• a → ɑ
• bb → b
• b → b
• ch → ʧ
• c → k
• d → d
• e → ɛ
• ff → f
• f → f
• gg → g
• g → g
• h → h
• i → ɪ
• j → ʤ
• kk → k
• k → k
• ll → l
• l → l
• m → m
• ng → ŋ
• nn → n
• n → n
• o → o
• p → p
• q → k
• r → ɹ
• sh → ʃ
• ss → s
• s → s
• th → θ
• t → t
• u → ʌ
• v → v
• w → w
• x → ks
• y → i
• z → z

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
c	k
ɲ	nn
#n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲu	tiu
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u
̯
ɑ	a
b	b
ʧ	ch
d	d
f	f
g	g
h	h
i	i
ʤ	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
n	n
o	o
p	p
ɹ	r
s	s
θ	th
t	t
ʌ	u
v	v
w	w
z	z

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	gi /gɪ/ the	ga /gɑ/ a
Plural	rín /ɹiːn/ the	mo /mo/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

1st singular	mok /mok/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ttho /θo/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ge /gɛ/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	ttha /θɑ/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural inclusive	maz /mɑz/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	u /ʌ/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	lo /lɔ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	wa /wɑ/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	bin /bɪn/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	é /eː/ my
2nd singular	daft /dɑft/ your
3rd singular masc	gu /gʌ/ his
3rd singular fem	do /do/ her
1st plural inclusive	kthi /khɪ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	mez /mɛz/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	gar /gɑɹ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	mo /mo/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	tthor /θoɹ/ their (fem)

Verbs

Future

If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix go- gokthass /ˈgokhɑs/ will learn

Romangadrish uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ga - ga kthass /gɑ khɑs/ learned

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Romangadrish uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix ge- gekthass /ˈgɛkhɑs/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Romangadrish uses the word for ‘already’ tthe for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Romangadrish has a base-10 number system:
1 - tho
2 - mén
3 - a
4 - rei
5 - ma
6 - mam
7 - míl
8 - i
9 - yndí
10 - min
100 - mano
1000 - mé

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -on
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ym
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix tha-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix geː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -er
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -oft
Tending to = Prefix a-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ch
Else: Suffix -och
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -or
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix ho-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -or
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -il
Augmentative = Prefix y-

Dictionary

3101 Words.