Abyssal

Natively known as: thraggtis /ˈθɹɑgtɪs/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
mankith rit ranithruv ys u gremuks mankith ryksig u rhostal pildal chac lal
Pronunciation: /ˈmɑnkɪθ ɹɪt ɹɑˈnɪθɹʌv is ʌ ˈgɹɛmʌks ˈmɑnkɪθ ˈɹiksɪg ʌ ˈɹhostɑl ˈpɪldɑl ʧɑk lɑl/
Thraggtisian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b c d g h j k l m n p r s t v w x z

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g
Fricative		v	s z		x	h
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u y

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Sound changes (in order of application):

• a → ɑ
• b → b
• ch → ʧ
• c → k
• d → d
• e → ɛ
• f → f
• gg → g
• g → g
• h → h
• i → ɪ
• j → ʤ
• kk → k
• k → k
• ll → l
• l → l
• m → m
• ng → ŋ
• nn → n
• n → n
• o → o
• p → p
• q → k
• r → ɹ
• sh → ʃ
• ss → s
• s → s
• th → θ
• t → t
• u → ʌ
• v → v
• w → w
• x → ks
• y → i
• z → z

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɑ	a
b	b
ʧ	ch
d	d
ɛ	e
f	f
g	g
h	h
i	i
ɪ	i
ʤ	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
ŋ	ng
n	n
o	o
p	p
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
s	s
θ	th
t	t
ʌ	u
v	v
w	w
x	ks
z	z

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	No affix mithi /ˈmɪθɪ/ boy	Prefix gru- grumithi /gɹʌˈmɪθɪ/ boys
Feminine	No affix des /dɛs/ girl	If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -o deso /ˈdɛso/ girls
Neuter	No affix komal /ˈkomɑl/ dog	Suffix -ap komalap /koˈmɑlɑp/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	gre /gɹɛ/ the	mastor /ˈmɑstoɹ/ a
Plural	thythbuk /ˈθiθbʌk/ the	genthen /ˈgɛnθɛn/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

Pronouns

1st singular	o /o/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	u /ʌ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ryt /ɹit/ he, him, his,
3rd singular fem	a /ɑ/ she, her, hers,
3rd singular neuter	oc /ok/ it (neut), its (neut)
1st plural	i /ɪ/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	rha /ɹhɑ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	athr /ɑθɹ/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	mab /mɑb/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	y /i/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	a /ɑ/ my
2nd singular	dwi /dwɪ/ your
3rd singular masc	u /ʌ/ his
3rd singular fem	i /ɪ/ her
3rd singular neuter	lys /lis/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural	e /ɛ/ our
2nd plural	chu /ʧʌ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	uh /ʌh/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	che /ʧɛ/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	o /o/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	No affix rurhe /ˈɹʌɹhɛ/ learn
Past	Prefix du- dururhe /dʌˈɹʌɹhɛ/ learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -o rurhec /ˈɹʌɹhɛk/ learned (long ago)
Future	Prefix rha- rharurhe /ɹhɑˈɹʌɹhɛ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Thraggtisian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Suffix -am rurheam /ɹʌɹˈhɛɑm/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Thraggtisian uses the word for ‘finish’ rhisheth for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Thraggtisian has a base-20 number system:
1 - rhi
2 - ly
3 - greksnith
4 - lylnab
5 - jusmakgo
6 - ga
7 - juthon
8 - marus
9 - soldaks
10 - cily
11 - grashtat
12 - tha
13 - ryrloc
14 - akdwapeb
15 - zomurhthra
16 - kalymil
17 - gygy
18 - cenlahi
19 - ilche
20 - thra
400 - zolgathoc
8000 - ke

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -th
Else: Suffix -a
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -al
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -i
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ch
Else: Suffix -i
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ri-
Noun to verb = Suffix -ud
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -o
Tending to = Suffix -as
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -oth
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ap
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix mu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -al
Diminutive = Prefix gi-
Augmentative = Suffix -eg

Dictionary

3132 Words.