Sanii̊ko̊ian

Natively known as: sanii̊ko̊ /saˈŋiːɪˌkʌ/

Spoken predominantly on the islands of the Ivera Gilav, such as the island-state of Arloh and southern Eagrok Nation .
Belonging primarily to an offshot of the Isutobek language family, Sanii̊ko̊ian does not have close language relatives. It's structure has been the same for several centuries with only minor sound changes, probably due to its remote location on the island of Arloh. There are two dialects that either have one less or one more vowel diphthong, with only minor differences in vocabulary, so the dialects are mutually understandable. The third dialect that is along the coastal penisula of Vera, near Arloh, has altered vowel sounds and has nasalized consonants; speakers from Arloh can understand some of the Vera dialect.

WORD STRUCTURE
Phoneme classes:

• C = ʋ ɹ j ɰ v f s z ŋ ɱ g k ɫ w ɥ d t ʃ
• L = ɹ v s v z k ŋ d t ʃ
• T = ʋ s v z k t ŋ ɹ g
• V = aɪ̯ eɪ̯ a ɛ iː ɪ e
• W = a ɑ ʌ e ɪ ɯ ə ɤ əɤ̯
• S = TV TW TVL TWL VT WT WTWL VTVL VLV WLW
• Z = TWCW TVCV TVCVL WCW VCV

Allowed word constructions:

• S
• Z
• SZ
• ZZ
• SS
• ZS
• pronoun = V or S
• number = S or Z or VT or WT
• Particle = TW or VV or VL or WL
• determiner = W or S

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

There are four genders: Animate and inanimate, countable and uncountable. For noun classes, there are particles that denote the type of class. There is also three number-classes: singular, dual, plural.

Particles are placed after the noun or before the verb. Some particles are placed between two nouns in a clause. The animate particle is always before the countable particle.

	Animate	Inanimate	Countable	Uncountable
Subject	ru /ɹɤ/	o̊n /ʌŋ/	av /av/	ev /ev/
Topic	e̊s /ɛs/	va /va/	ash /aʃ/	ka /ka/
Location	ro̊ /ɹʌ/	kå /kɑ/	aai /aˈaɪ̯/	za /za/
Possession	as /as/	ůz /ɯz/	ko /kə/	vo̊ /vʌ/
Negative	åz /ɑz/	e̊i /ɛˈiː/	i̊k /ɪk/	si̊ /sɪ/
Positive	as /as/	ůz /ɯz/	ko /kə/	vo̊ /vʌ/
Question	aa /aˈa/	at /at/	na /ŋa/	e̊d /ɛd/
Imperative	aiai /aɪ̯ˈaɪ̯/	zů /zɯ/	ar /aɹ/	an /aŋ/
Permission	ee̊ /eˈɛ/	ek /ek/	i̊ai /ɪˈaɪ̯/	aii /aɪ̯ˈiː/
Dative	gou̯ /gəɤ̯/	aiei̊ /aɪ̯ˈeɪ̯/	so /sə/	ait /aɪ̯t/

Writing System

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
d	d
a	a
aɪ̯	ai
ɑ	å
f	f
g	g
e	e
ɛ	e̊
eɪ̯	ei̊
j	j
k	k
ɫ	l
iː	i
ɪ	i̊
ɱ	m
ŋ	n
ɤ	u
əɤ̯	eu
ɹ	r
s	s
ʃ	sh
t	t
ɯ	ů
ɥ	h
ɰ	kj
v	v
ʋ	vh
ə	o
ʌ	o̊
w	w
z	z

Written system are characters drawn under a unifying line. This is the alphabet:

Phonology

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: d f g j k s t v w z ŋ ɥ ɫ ɰ ɱ ɹ ʃ ʋ

↓Manner/Place→	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	ɱ				ŋ
Stop		t d			k g
Fricative	f v	s z	ʃ
Approximant	ʋ	ɹ		j	ɰ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	ɥ	w
Lateral approximant			ɫ

Vowel inventory: a aɪ̯ e eɪ̯ iː ɑ ə əɤ̯ ɛ ɤ ɪ ɯ ʌ

Diphthongs: aɪ̯ eɪ̯ əɤ̯

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		ɯ
Near-high	ɪ
High-mid	e		ɤ
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ʌ
Low	a		ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• d → t / #_

Morphology

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʋɛ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʋaɪ̯-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -eɹ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -ɛ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ək
Noun to verb = Suffix -eɹ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ev
Tending to = Suffix -əɹ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ak-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ɪz-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -av
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix teɪ̯-
Diminutive = Suffix -aɹ
Augmentative = Suffix -aɪ̯v

Syntax

Subject + Object + Verb

The musician sustains a harmonic chord.

o̊vaerůav ru av sila růfåi̊vh aiei̊ o̊ro̊e̊v
GLOSS:

musician	ANI.SUB:PARTICLE	CO.SUB:PARTICLE	harmonic	chord	INA.DAT:PARTICLE	sustain-3RDPERSON:PRESENT
o̊vaerůav	ru	av	sila	růfåi̊vh	aiei̊	o̊ro̊e̊v

The countable or uncountable particle always follows the subject particle. The countable/uncountable particles are often dropped for the indirect object of the sentence, so only the inanimate/animate version of the dative particles are used generally.
Another example:
Mary opens the door with a key.
Mary ru novhi̊k ash vei̊saiskan i̊ked aiei̊ tei̊shrou̯vav.
GLOSS:

Mary	ru	novhi̊k	ash	vei̊saiskan	i̊ked	aiei̊	tei̊shrou̯vav	.
Mary	ANI.SUB:PARTICLE	door	CO.TOPIC:PARTICLE	with	key	INA.DAT:PARTICLE	open-3RDPERSON:PRESENT	.

Vocabulary

Numbers

This language uses a base-10 system.[thead][/thead]

Number	word
0	åv
1	aiz
2	ga
3	ek
4	az
5	gůr
6	gou̯ro̊
7	sar
8	ain
9	ik
10	zůhou̯
11	ou̯to̊
12	o̊fi̊
13	as
20	vhaimei̊v
21	vhaimei̊v aiz
100	i̊keu
1000	orův
million	ůvihou̯
infinity	åvokeu

Pronouns

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	3rd person alternate	3rd person masculine	3rd person feminine
Singular	tův /tɯv/	ei̊r /eɪ̯ɹ/	åvan, utuv /ɑˈvaŋ, ɤˈtɤv/	ůsů /ɯˈsɯ/	ovhou̯d /əˈʋəɤ̯d/	ser /seɹ/
Dual	e /e/	sei̊ /seɪ̯/	i̊ /ɪ/	a /a/	et /et/	sev /sev/
Plural	ai /aɪ̯/	e̊ /ɛ/	i /iː/	ei̊ /eɪ̯/	zas /zas/	gů /gɯ/

Tenses

Verbs

The affix for the verb conjugation is as follows, using the word for 'to study' to demonstrate:

to study = se̊kjaiv	Far past	Past	Present	Present prefect	Future	Far future
1st person	Suffix -as se̊kjaivas /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vas/	Suffix -ʌv se̊kjaivo̊v /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vʌv/	Suffix -eɪ̯v se̊kjaivei̊v /sɛˈɰaɪ̯veɪ̯v/	Suffix -eɪ̯v se̊kjaivei̊v /sɛˈɰaɪ̯veɪ̯v/	Prefix saɪ̯- saise̊kjaiv /saɪ̯ˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Prefix seɪ̯- sei̊se̊kjaiv /seɪ̯ˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/
2nd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -iː se̊kjaivi /sɛˈɰaɪ̯viː/	Suffix -eɪ̯k se̊kjaivei̊k /sɛɰaɪ̯vˈeɪ̯k/	Prefix ɹe- rese̊kjaiv /ɹeˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Prefix ɹe- rese̊kjaiv /ɹeˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Suffix -ad se̊kjaivad /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vad/	Suffix -aid se̊kjaivad /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vaɪd/
3rd person	Prefix sa- sase̊kjaiv /saˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Prefix ak- akse̊kjaiv /akˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Suffix -av se̊kjaivav /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vav/	Suffix -av se̊kjaivav /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vav/	Prefix eɫ- else̊kjaiv /eɫˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Prefix eɪ̯ɫ- ei̊lse̊kjaiv /eɪ̯ɫˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/
3rd person alternate	Prefix ŋe- nese̊kjaiv /ŋeˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -e se̊kjaive /sɛˈɰaɪ̯ve/	Suffix -ɛv se̊kjaive̊v /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vɛv/	Suffix -ɛv se̊kjaive̊v /sɛˈɰaɪ̯vɛv/	Prefix ɛɫ- e̊lse̊kjaiv /ɛɫˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/	Prefix əɤ̯- euse̊kjaiv /ɛɫˈsɛɰaɪ̯v/

Dictionary

5706 Words.

Common Phrases

Ait ůsa ti̊sav i velarev o̊n ruvhanårů

weather the waves or seek clouds (Have hope of surviving hardship instead of wallowing in despair)