Dialect of Tsāszáian

This dialect is spoken to the north of Tsāszáian province, where it has been heavily influenced by the languages in Supki. Most of the retroflex and uvular consonants have shifted to Alveolo-palatal or to velar consonants.
Some prefixes also changed to have more consonants instead of just vowels.
Most of the grammar is relatively the same.

Pronouns

	Singular	Plural	Paucal
1st person	jhoú /ʕɤ́/ I, me, mine	choù /ɕɤ̀/ we, us, ours	kàn /kàŋ/ a few of us
2nd person	dó /dʌ́/ you, yours	tsò /ʦʌ̀/ you all, yours (pl)	dà /dà/ a few of you
3rd person	dzā /ʣā/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its	chà /ɕà/ they, them, theirs	eír /ɛ́ɹ/ a few of them

Nouns

Nouns are the only words that have affixes. All other signifiers for sentence parts uses particles. This seems to be an old relic to the language, where the particles formed from former affixes for the other sentence parts. This may be the influence of the language families to the south that heavily use particles.

	Singular	Plural	Paucal
Nominative	No affix vheī /ʋɛ̄/ cat (when doing the verb)	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix χɤ̄- Else: Prefix χé- kévheī /kéˈʋɛ̄/ cats (when doing the verb)	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɖɤ́- Else: Prefix ɖɛ̄- deīvheī /dɛ̄ˈʋɛ̄/ a few cats (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɤ̀- Else: Prefix ɛ̀- eìvheī /ɛ̀ˈʋɛ̄/ (verb done to) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʨɤ̄- Else: Prefix ʨɛ́- tzeívheī /ʨɛ́ˈʋɛ̄/ (verb done to) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʣɑ̄- Else: Prefix ʣɛ̄- dzeīvheī /ʣɛ̄ˈʋɛ̄/ (verb done to) a few cats
Genitive	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ̄- Else: Prefix á- ávheī /áˈʋɛ̄/ catʼs	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ́- Else: Prefix é- évheī /éˈʋɛ̄/ catsʼ	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ́- Else: Prefix à- àvheī /àˈʋɛ̄/ a few cats'
Illative	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ̄- Else: Prefix á- ávheī /áˈʋɛ̄/ into (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ́- Else: Prefix ē- ēvheī /ēˈʋɛ̄/ into (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ̄- Else: Prefix ì- ìvheī /ìˈʋɛ̄/ into (the/few) cats
Inessive	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɤ́- Else: Prefix á- ávheī /áˈʋɛ̄/ inside (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʦɤ̄- Else: Prefix ʦí- tsívheī /ʦíˈʋɛ̄/ inside (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɭɯ̀- Else: Prefix ɭì- rìvheī /ɹìˈʋɛ̄/ inside (the/few) cats
Elative	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʣʌ̄- Else: Prefix ʣā- dzāvheī /ʣāˈʋɛ̄/ out of (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix χʌ̄- Else: Prefix χí- kívheī /kíˈʋɛ̄/ out of (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ̀- Else: Prefix í- ívheī /íˈʋɛ̄/ out of (the/few) cats
Comitative	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ̄- Else: Prefix ɛ́- eívheī /ɛ́ˈʋɛ̄/ with (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɖɯ́- Else: Prefix ɖì- dìvheī /dìˈʋɛ̄/ with (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʟɯ̀- Else: Prefix ʟà- làvheī /ʟàˈʋɛ̄/ with (the/few) cats
Essive	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɰɯ̄- Else: Prefix ɰɛ́- jeívheī /ɰɛ́ˈʋɛ̄/ period of time existing as (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʨɯ́- Else: Prefix ʨá- tzávheī /ʨáˈʋɛ̄/ time existing as (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɠɯ́- Else: Prefix ɠí- gívheī /gíˈʋɛ̄/ time existing as (the/few) cats
Locative	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɣʌ́- Else: Prefix ɣā- xāvheī /ɣāˈʋɛ̄/ near/at/by (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix χɤ́- Else: Prefix χà- kàvheī /kàˈʋɛ̄/ near/at/by (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix χɯ̀- Else: Prefix χá- kávheī /káˈʋɛ̄/ near/at/by (the/few) cats
Ablative	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix çɯ́- Else: Prefix çì- chìvheī /ɕìˈʋɛ̄/ away from (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ̄- Else: Prefix é- évheī /éˈʋɛ̄/ from (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ̄- Else: Prefix ɛ́- eívheī /ɛ́ˈʋɛ̄/ from (the/few) cats
Instrumental	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ̀- Else: Prefix ī- īvheī /īˈʋɛ̄/ with/by (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɤ̄- Else: Prefix á- ávheī /áˈʋɛ̄/ with/by (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɰʌ́- Else: Prefix ɰé- jévheī /ɰéˈʋɛ̄/ with/by (the/few) cats
Subessive	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ̀- Else: Prefix ē- ēvheī /ēˈʋɛ̄/ under (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʦʌ́- Else: Prefix ʦì- tsìvheī /ʦìˈʋɛ̄/ under (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ̄- Else: Prefix ī- īvheī /īˈʋɛ̄/ under (the/few) cats
Superessive	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ̄- Else: Prefix ɛ́- eívheī /ɛ́ˈʋɛ̄/ on (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ̀- Else: Prefix ɛ̄- eīvheī /ɛ̄ˈʋɛ̄/ on (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix χʌ̄- Else: Prefix χɛ̀- keìvheī /kɛ̀ˈʋɛ̄/ on (the/few) cats
Temporal	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ́- Else: Prefix í- ívheī /íˈʋɛ̄/ when/at (the/a) cat	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ́- Else: Prefix á- ávheī /áˈʋɛ̄/ when/at (the/some) cats	If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɣɤ́- Else: Prefix ɣī- xīvheī /ɣīˈʋɛ̄/ when/at (the/few) cats

Writing System

Spelling rules: ç assimilates to ɕ at beginning and middle positions in words. χ assimilates to k, ɠ to g, ɖ to d, all of which are sounds that did not exist in the original Tsāszáian.
.

Pronunciation	Spelling
ç	c
ɕ	ch
ʣ	dz
ʥ	chz
ɖ	d
ɠ	g
ʟ	l
ɭ	r
ɱ	m
ŋ	n
p	p
ʂ	sz
ʨ	tz
ʦ	ts
ɰ	j
v	v
ʋ	vh
w	w
ʑ	zh
ʕ	jh
χ	xh
ɣ	x
ħ	h
s	s
z	z
ɑ	aa
ɛ	ei
ɤ	ou
i	i
ʌ	o
ɯ	u
e	e
a	a
ɹ	r

Phonology

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: p s v w z ç ħ ŋ ɕ ɖ ɠ ɣ ɭ ɰ ɱ ʂ ʋ ʑ ʕ ʟ ʣ ʥ ʦ ʨ χ d g ɹ k

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal
Nasal		ɱ					ŋ
Stop	p		d	ɖ			k g
Implosive							ɠ
Affricate			ʦ ʣ		ʨ ʥ
Fricative		v	s z	ʂ	ɕ ʑ	ç	ɣ	χ	ħ ʕ
Approximant		ʋ	ɹ				ɰ
Lateral approximant				ɭ			ʟ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i ɑ ɛ ɤ ɯ ʌ
Tones: ́ ̄ ̀

	Front	Back
High	i	ɯ
High-mid	e	ɤ
Low-mid	ɛ	ʌ
Low	a	ɑ

Morphology

• Adjective → adverb = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ́-
  Else: Prefix ī-
  
• Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ́-
  Else: Prefix à-
  
• Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ́-
  Else: Prefix é-
  
• Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʌ̀-
  Else: Prefix ɛ́-
  
• Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ̀-
  Else: Prefix ī-
  
• Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɕɑ̀-
  Else: Prefix ɕí-
  
• Noun to verb = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix sɑ̀-
  Else: Prefix sā-
  
• Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɑ́-
  Else: Prefix ì-
  
• Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʦɑ̀-
  Else: Prefix ʦɛ̀-
  
• Tending to = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɤ̀-
  Else: Prefix è-
  
• Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ʣɯ́-
  Else: Prefix ʣí-
  
• Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix çɑ́-
  Else: Prefix çé-
  
• One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ̀-
  Else: Prefix ɛ̀-
  
• Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɤ́-
  Else: Prefix ē-
  
• Diminutive = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ́-
  Else: Prefix ɛ́-
  
• Augmentative = If contains {ɯ,ɤ,ʌ,ɑ}: Prefix ɯ̀-
  Else: Prefix ī-

Tenses

Verbs

Verbs are denoted by a particle before it. This particle signifies the tense and mood/aspect of that verb. Tense is always placed after the mood particle.

Tense particles

Always placed after mood particles.

	Perfective	Perfect	Habitual	Continuous	Generic	Stative	Inchoative	Ingressive	Cessative
Past	pí /pí/ event in whole (ate)	rì /ɹì/ (had eaten)	lè /ʟè/ repetitive actions temporarily (had been eating)	chzí /ʥí/ continuous action (was eating)	ì /ì/ verb is a true statement	szī /ʂī/ ongoing situation but not evolving	kā /kā/ start of new static state	ó /ʌ́/ start of dynamic state (started to eat)	doù /dɤ̀/ end of event (was done eating)
Present	é /é/ event in whole (eat)	voú /vɤ́/ (have eaten)	szaà /ʂɑ̀/ repetitive actions temporarily (have been eating)	rū /ɹɯ̄/ continuous action (am eating)	jī /ɰī/ verb is a true statement	chā /ɕā/ ongoing situation but not evolving	pē /pē/ start of new static state	dzō /ʣʌ̄/ start of dynamic state (start to eat)	wā /wā/ end of event (done eating)
Future	gè /gè/ event in whole (will eat)	aā /ɑ̄/ (will have eaten)	wāv /wāv/ repetitive actions temporarily (will have been eating)	nú /ŋɯ́/ continuous action (will be eating)	ō /ʌ̄/ verb is a true statement	roū /ɹɤ̄/ ongoing situation but not evolving	waàm /wɑ̀ɱ/ start of new static state	vī /vī/ start of dynamic state (will start to eat)	úr /ɯ́ɹ/ end of event (will be done eating)

Mood particles

These come before the tense particle. The verb word itself should end the sentence.

Indicative	vhē /ʋē/ factual statement or witnessed observation
Conditional	chì /ɕì/ event is conditional on something else
Subjunctivei	mé /ɱé/ hypothetical situations
Subjunctiveii	dzeín /ʣɛ́ŋ/ expressing emotions or how the body feels
Subjunctiveiii	moù /ɱɤ̀/ expressing opinions
Imperative	vhà /ʋà/ commands
Optative	xáchz /ɣáʥ/ expressing wishes or hopes
Potential	zhí /ʑí/ probability something will happen
Presumptive	jív /ɰív/ expressing a hypothesis or statement that is not factual
Presumptivei	ū /ɯ̄/ expressing doubt or concern
Inferential	tzoú /ʨɤ́/ reporting on event without confirming it
Interrogative	dùs /dɯ̀s/ expressing a question

Adjective Order

Adjective

Placed between the Adjective and the noun.

Nominative	voù /vɤ̀/ adjective for subject of sentence
Accusative	íchz /íʥ/ adjective for object of sentence
Genitive	szàv /ʂàv/ adjective for object belong to subject or object
Illative	īv /īv/ adjective for nouns denoting into
Inessive	més /ɱés/ adjective for nouns denoting inside
Elative	pé /pé/ adjective for nouns denoting out of
Comitative	geí /gɛ́/ adjective for nouns denoting with
Essive	gō /gʌ̄/ adjective for nouns denoting period of time existing
Locative	zhō /ʑʌ̄/ adjective for nouns denoting near/at/by
Ablative	zí /zí/ adjective for nouns denoting away/from
Instrumental	á /á/ adjective for nouns denoting with/by
Subessive	vhìtz /ʋìʨ/ adjective for nouns denoting under
Superessive	nù /ŋɯ̀/ adjective for nouns denoting on
Temporal	joú /ɰɤ́/ adjective for nouns denoting when/at

Dictionary

4268 Words.

Root Languages

• Tsāszáian