Natively known as: panwa /paˈnwa/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
gan a gu kute zahebyu kuren gan hoku kon gu tanpo binan nioni[alt]
Pronunciation: /gan a gu kuˈte zaˈhebju kuˈɾen gan hoˈku kon gu tamˈpo biˈnan niˈoni/
Panwan word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned[/alt]
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d g h j k m n p s t w z ŋ ɾ
[font]Click IPA symbols for audio [img]
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|
| Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |
| Stop | p b | t d | | k g | |
| Fricative | | s z | | | h |
| Approximant | | | j | | |
| Tap | | ɾ | | | |
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|
| Approximant | w |
Vowel inventory: a e i o u
| Front | Back |
|---|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b d g h j k m n p s t w z ɾ
Mid-word consonants: b bj d g gj h hj j k kj m mb mj mp n nj ns nt nw nɾ p pj s t w z ŋg ɾ ɾj
Word final consonants: n
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|
| ŋ | n |
| m | n |
| j | y |
| ɾ | r |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into
Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have three cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
| Nominative | No affix
kasa /kaˈsa/
dog (doing the verb)
|
| Accusative | Suffix -u
kasau /kaˈsau/
(verb done to) dog
|
| Genitive | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
kasan /kaˈsan/
dogʼs
|
Singular
| Masculine | Feminine |
|---|
| Definite | Suffix -un
pirenun /piˈɾenun/
the man
| If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -en
upinan /uˈpinan/
the woman
|
| Indefinite | Suffix -u
pirenu /piˈɾenu/
a man
| If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
upinan /uˈpinan/
a woman
|
Plural
| Masculine | Feminine |
|---|
| Definite | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
pirenin /piˈɾenin/
the men
| If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -on
upinan /uˈpinan/
the women
|
| Indefinite | Suffix -i
pireni /piˈɾeni/
some men
| Suffix -in
upinain /uˈpinaˌin/
some women
|
Articles
Panwan encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.
Pronouns
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive |
|---|
| 1st singular | ha /ha/
I
| nu /nu/
me
| ho /ho/
mine
|
| 2nd singular | se /se/
you
| hin /hin/
you
| ka /ka/
yours
|
| 3rd singular masc | a /a/
he, it
| ken /ken/
him, it
| i /i/
his, its
|
| 3rd singular fem | su /su/
she, it
| nen /men/
her, it
| ze /ze/
hers, its
|
| 1st plural | ne /ne/
we
| tan /tan/
us
| na /na/
ours
|
| 2nd plural | do /do/
you all
| gen /gen/
you all
| sun /sun/
yours (pl)
|
| 3rd plural masc | pe /pe/
they (masc)
| un /un/
them (masc)
| zu /zu/
theirs (masc)
|
| 3rd plural fem | u /u/
they (fem)
| ba /ba/
them (fem)
| yu /ju/
theirs (fem)
|
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | ro /ɾo/
my
|
| 2nd singular | gun /gun/
your
|
| 3rd singular masc | gu /gu/
his
|
| 3rd singular fem | don /don/
her
|
| 1st plural | nun /nun/
our
|
| 2nd plural | no /no/
your (pl)
|
| 3rd plural masc | zon /zon/
their (masc)
|
| 3rd plural fem | de /de/
their (fem)
|
Verbs
| Present | No affix
bunsa /bunˈsa/
learn
|
| Past | Suffix -u
bunsau /bunˈsau/
learned
|
| Future | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -en
bunsan /bunˈsan/
will learn
|
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as
I am learning.
Panwan uses a standalone particle word for progressive:
| Progressive | Particle before the verb: i -
i bunsa /i bunˈsa/
is learning
|
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as
I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (
I learned something).
Panwan uses an affix for habitual:
| Habitual | Suffix -u
bunsau /bunˈsau/
learns
|
Numbers
Panwan has a base-10 number system:
1 -
yu
2 -
de
3 -
ra
4 -
ke
5 -
pan
6 -
ron
7 -
na
8 -
su
9 -
un
10 -
sonu
11 -
sonu gan yu “ten and one”
100 -
yu iki “one hundred”
101 -
yu iki yu “one hundred one”
200 -
de iki
1000 -
yu enbu “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -u
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -u
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Tending to = Suffix -un
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -un
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -o
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -on
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -on
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
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