Arkronian
Natively known as: Arkronian /ˈɑrkroˌniːan/listen
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...thion phor char rher chrō diota thion syiu chrō lyiglō bichōippoi sain syiulisten
Pronunciation: /tʰyːn pʰor kʰar r̥er kʰrɔː dyːˈta tʰyːn syi̯ˈuː kʰrɔː ˈlyi̯glɔː ˈbikʰɔːi̯ppoi̯ saːi̯n ˈsyi̯uː/
Arkronian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b c d g h k l m n p r r̥ s t tʰ z /↓Manner /Place→ |
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||
Stop | p b | t tʰ d | c | k g | |
Fricative | s z | h | |||
Trill | r̥ r rʰ | ||||
Lateral approximant | l |
Vowel inventory: /a ai̯ au̯ aː aːi̯ e eu̯ eː i ia̯ iː o oi̯ uː y yi̯ yː ɔː ɔːi̯ ɛː ɛːi̯ /
Diphthongs: ai̯, au̯, aːi̯, eu̯, ia̯, oi̯, yi̯, ɔːi̯, ɛːi̯
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː y yː | uː |
High-mid | e eː | o |
Low-mid | ɛː | ɔː |
Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, br, cr, ct, d, dz, g, h, k, kʰ, kʰr, l, m, n, p, ps, pʰ, r̥, s, t, tʰ
Mid-word consonants: b, br, cl, cr, ct, d, dr, dz, g, gl, h, k, ks, kʰ, kʰr, kʰtʰ, l, lc, ll, lpʰ, lt, ltʰ, m, mn, n, nd, nn, nt, ntʰ, p, pp, pr, pʰ, r, rg, rkr, rm, rp, rr̥, s, sb, ss, st, str, t, tt, tʰ
Word final consonants: n, r, s, ks
Phonological rules (in order of application):
- t→ʧ / _E
- h→ʔ / #_
- s→ɟ / #_
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
aː | a |
dz | z |
eː | e |
iː | i |
k | c|k |
ks | x |
kʰ | ch |
pʰ | ph |
r̥ | rh |
tʰ | th |
uː | u |
yː | io |
ɔː | ō |
ɛː | e |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Noun
Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | No affix
thaics /tʰai̯ks/ |
No affix
thaix /tʰai̯ks/ |
No affix
thaix /tʰai̯ks/ |
Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ir thaixir /ˈtʰai̯ksir/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -lcɔːi̯
Else: Suffix -au̯lcɔːi̯ thaicsaulcōi /ˈtʰai̯ksau̯lcɔːi̯/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -beː
Else: Suffix -ibeː thaixibe /tʰai̯kˈsibeː/ |
Dual | Suffix -yr
thaixyr /tʰai̯kˈsyr/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -cty
Else: Suffix -ɛːcty thaixecty /tʰai̯kˈsɛːcty/ |
Suffix -eːn
thaicsen /tʰai̯kˈseːn/ |
Articles
Definite | aun /au̯n/
the |
Indefinite | cha /kʰa/
a, some |
Pronouns
1st singular | or /or/
I, me |
2nd singular | ior /yːr/
you |
3rd singular masc | phor /pʰor/
he, him, it |
3rd singular fem | phe /pʰɛː/
she, her, it |
1st plural inclusive | pson /pson/
we, us (including you) |
1st plural exclusive | craur /crau̯r/
we, us (excluding you) |
2nd plural | ctei /ctɛːi̯/
you (all) |
3rd plural masc | bo /bo/
they, them (masculine) |
3rd plural fem | craux /crau̯ks/
they, them (feminine) |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | chis /kʰis/
my |
2nd singular | tu /tuː/
your |
3rd singular masc | chrō /kʰrɔː/
his, its |
3rd singular fem | crai /crai̯/
her, its |
1st plural inclusive | chre /kʰrɛː/
our (including you) |
1st plural exclusive | py /py/
our (excluding you) |
2nd plural | gia /gia̯/
your |
3rd plural masc | phy /pʰy/
their (masculine) |
3rd plural fem | pi /piː/
their (feminine) |
Verbs
Present | No affix
teultai /teu̯lˈtai̯/ |
Past | Suffix -eːn
teultaien /ˈteu̯ltai̯eːn/ |
Future | If ends with vowel: Suffix -rpeu̯
Else: Suffix -ɛːi̯rpeu̯ teultairpeu /ˈteu̯ltai̯rpeu̯/ |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying,
and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).
It is indicated with the affix:
Imperfect | Suffix -aːks
teultaiax /teu̯lˈtai̯aːks/ |
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɔː
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -as
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rr̥oi̯
Else: Suffix -yrr̥oi̯
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -oi̯s
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -uːs
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -eu̯s
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -uːn
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks
Else: Suffix -aːks
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɛː
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -iː
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -ɛːn
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -yr
Diminutive = Suffix -ɔːi̯s
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks
Else: Suffix -oi̯ks
Comments