Vrocian

Natively known as: Vrocaan /roˈcian/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... sao gbruceaaa gbruceaj peamhom mhioeo gan seo gthiueoll ell g'eaee nnad mhaaach bbar Pronunciation: /s̪ə kʰɛj kʰɛj pɛˈvom vuə kan̪ˠ s̪ə ɣuəl̪ˠ el̪ˠ kʰɛj n̪ˠat̪ viax pəɾ/ Vrocian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /f h j k kʰ l̪ˠ m n̪ˠ p pʰ rˠ s̪ t̪ t̪ʰ v x ŋ ɣ ɾ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n̪ˠ		ŋ
Stop	p pʰ		t̪ t̪ʰ		k kʰ
Fricative		f v	s̪		x ɣ	h
Approximant				j
Tap			ɾ
Trill			rˠ
Lateral approximant			l̪ˠ

Vowel inventory: /a ai au aː e ei eː i ia iə iː o oː u ua uə uː ɔ ɔu ɔː ə ɛ ɛu ɛː ɤ ɤi ɤː ɪ ɯ ɯi ɯː/
Diphthongs: ai, au, ei, ia, iə, ua, uə, ɔu, ɛu, ɤi, ɯi

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː		u ɯ uː ɯː
Near-high	ɪ
High-mid	e eː		o ɤ oː ɤː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː		ɔː ɔ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: f, h, j, k, kʰ, l̪ˠ, m, n̪ˠ, p, pʰ, rˠ, s̪, t̪, t̪ʰ, v, x, ɣ, ɾ Mid-word consonants: j, k, l̪ˠ, m, n̪ˠ, p, rˠ, s̪, t̪, v, ŋ, ɾ Word final consonants: j, k, l̪ˠ, m, n̪ˠ, p, s̪, t̪, v, x, ɾ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• a → Ø / #_m

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
a:	à|eà
a	ai|a
ai	aidh
au	amh|abh
e:	è
e	e|ei|ai
f	f|ph
h	th|sh
i:	ìo|ì
i	a|e
ia	ia|eu
iə	ìo
j	e|j
k	g
kʰ	ck
l̪ˠ	l|ll
n̪ˠ	n|nn
o:	ò
p	bb|p
pʰ	pp
rˠ	r|rr
s̪	s
t̪	d|t
t̪ʰ	tt
u	u|io|iu
ua	ua|uai
uə	ui|uia
uː	ù|ùi
v	bh|mh
x	ch
ŋ	n
ɔ	o|oe|oi
ɔu	oo
ɔː	òi|eò
ə	i|io
ɛ	ea
ɛu	ea
ɛː	ài|èi
ɣ	dh|gh
ɤ	a|oi
ɤi	aigh|oibh|oigh
ɤː	adh
ɪ	i|ai
ɯ	ui
ɯi	aoi|aoith
ɯː	ao|aoi
ɾ	r
ʰ	'|bruc

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: u - u dobb /u t̪op/ doɡs

Nominative	No affix tobb /t̪op/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -ej tobbeeee /ˈt̪opej/ (verb done to) doɡ

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	meamh /mɛu/ the	nnae /n̪ˠa/ a
Plural	eall /ɛl̪ˠ/ the	e /e/ some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	eoeu /jɔu/ I	aach /aix/ me
2nd singular	bhea /via/ you (masc)	dsheeà /ɣeː/ you
3rd singular masc	gbruceaea /kʰɛj/ he, it	eag /ɛk/ him, it
3rd singular fem	ga /ka/ she, it	pshae /fe/ her, it
1st plural	nuìch /n̪ˠɯːx/ we	aidhol /aul̪ˠ/ us
2nd plural	ppaeup /pʰaup/ you all	pi /pɪ/ you all
3rd plural	ùt /uːt̪/ they	aaaaa /eij/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	eeoio /jɔu/ my
2nd singular	gthè /ɣeː/ your
3rd singular masc	g'eaee /kʰɛj/ his
3rd singular fem	gaa /ka/ her
1st plural	nnuìoch /n̪ˠɯːx/ our
2nd plural	ppaeup /pʰaup/ your (pl)
3rd plural	iùt /uːt̪/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past	Future
1st singular	Suffix -ei foraee /ˈfoɾei/ (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -ej pthoree /ˈfoɾej/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s̪ Else: Suffix -aːs̪ foraès /ˈfoɾaːs̪/ (I) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ɯːx pshoruìch /ˈfoɾɯːx/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɛk foreag /ˈfoɾɛk/ (you) learn	Suffix -e forae /ˈfoɾe/ (you) learned	Suffix -iə pshoraa /ˈfoɾiə/ (you) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	Suffix -ɤ fora /ˈfoɾɤ/ (you) will learn
3rd singular	Suffix -uːɾ foriùir /ˈfoɾuːɾ/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -ɯːt̪ pshoruìot /ˈfoɾɯːt̪/ (he/she/it) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l̪ˠ Else: Suffix -oːl̪ˠ bbthoròll /ˈfoɾoːl̪ˠ/ (he/she/it) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	Suffix -uː pshoriù /ˈfoɾuː/ (he/she/it) will learn
1st plural	Suffix -ɛ bbthorea /foˈɾɛ/ (we) learn	Suffix -ia pshoraa /ˈfoɾia/ (we) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s̪ Else: Suffix -ɔːs̪ bbthoroès /foˈɾɔːs̪/ (we) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s̪ Else: Suffix -oːs̪ pshoròs /ˈfoɾoːs̪/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -uk foriog /ˈfoɾuk/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ɛp pshoreap /ˈfoɾɛp/ (you all) learned	Suffix -ɯi foruie /ˈfoɾɯi/ (you all) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n̪ˠ Else: Suffix -iːn̪ˠ forèn /ˈfoɾiːn̪ˠ/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural	Suffix -a bbthoraa /ˈfoɾa/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ik forag /ˈfoɾik/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -uj foriuaie /ˈfoɾuj/ (they) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -iːk pshorèg /foˈɾiːk/ (they) will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Vrocian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -n̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ain̪ˠ foraann /ˈfoɾain̪ˠ/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Vrocian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -l̪ˠ Else: Suffix -eːl̪ˠ foreèll /ˈfoɾeːl̪ˠ/ have learned

Numbers

Vrocian has a base-20 number system:
1 - gthà 2 - rè 3 - seann 4 - cheè 5 - eaidho 6 - ppa 7 - dsheà 8 - theach 9 - a 10 - aa 11 - logo 12 - oimoeuea 13 - meamhguìaeae 14 - eebbee 15 - maal 16 - peaaaag 17 - thealo 18 - eaaamhia 19 - chuìr 20 - chèll 21 - dshè sao chàl “one and twenty” 400 - gsheà mà “one fourhundred” 401 - dthè mà seo dshè “one fourhundred and one” 800 - rà mà “two fourhundred” 8000 - dshè eaidhumhàbbiuao “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -e Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɪ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -eiv Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ɛ Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -oːx Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -ɯv Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɤit̪ Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -ɔj Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɔm Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -ɔɾ One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -iːx Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -e Diminutive = Suffix -eɾ Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -ɔɾ

Dictionary

4386 Words.