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Masajol

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 1.85M / #23   SPOKEN IN: Jolim - 1.7M / Mersi - 150K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: dɾe ci pu milˈdionu nec te dɾe ˈmiohun pas pu teps mem ˈmipi   Pronunciation: dɾe ki pu milˈdionu nek te dɾe ˈmiohuːn pas pu teps mem ˈmipi     Masajol word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w x z ç ŋ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʔ ʦ ʧ χ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalmnŋ
Stopp bt dk gʔ
Affricateʦʧ
Fricativef vs zʃçxχ ʁh
Approximantj
Tapɾ
Trillr
Lateral approximantlʎ
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Approximantw
  Vowel inventory: /a ae au aː e ei eu eː i io iu iː o oe oː u ui uː/   Diphthongs: ae, au, ei, eu, io, iu, oe, ui  
FrontBack
Highi iːu uː
High-mide eːo oː
Lowa aː
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɾ, d, dɾ, f, fl, fɾ, g, gɾ, k, kl, kw, kɾ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɾ, r, s, sɾ, t, tɾ, x, ʎ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, lt, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mp, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nd, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nl, nm, nst, nt, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nz, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, nʧ, p, pf, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, st, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tn, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, ç, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋk, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁ, ʁb, ʁd, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, χ
Word final consonants: b, d, k, ks, l, m, n, nk, ns, nt, ps, r, rs, s, st, t   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • s → h / V_V
  • k → j / _s#
  • [+nasal] → n / _#
  • iː → ∅ / {k,s}_#
  • k → ∅ / V_V
  • d → g / _n
  • r → s / _k
  • p → f / #_
  • p → f / {V,_
  • h → ʔ / V_V
  • h → j / _[+front]
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
qu
ksx
kc
wv
ː
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have seven cases:
  • Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
  • Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
  • Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
  • Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
  • Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
  • Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
  • Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
NominativeNo affix naˈcaemui /naːˈkaemui/ dog (doing the verb)
AccusativeSuffix -as ˌnacaeˈmuias /ˌnaːkaeˈmuias/ (verb done to) dog
GenitiveSuffix -i ˌnacaeˈmuii /ˌnaːkaeˈmuii/ dogʼs
DativeIf ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ak naˈcaemuic /naːˈkaemuik/ to (the/a) dog
LocativeIf ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -uːn naˈcaemuin /naːˈkaemuin/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
AblativeSuffix -is ˌnacaeˈmuiis /ˌnaːkaeˈmuiis/ from (the/a) dog
InstrumentalIf ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -iːm naˈcaemuim /naːˈkaemuim/ with/using (the/a) dog
   
AnimateInanimate
SingularSuffix -as ˈibas /ˈibas/ If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ut ˈpɾirut /ˈpɾiːrut/
PluralSuffix -uk ˈibuc /ˈibuk/ Suffix -un ˈpɾirun /ˈpɾiːrun/
 

Articles

 
DefiniteIndefinite
Singularʧac /ʧak/ the mu /mu/ a
Pluralud /ud/ the euc /euk/ some
 

Pronouns

 
1st singular2nd singular3rd singular masc3rd singular fem1st plural2nd plural3rd plural
Nominativebe /be/ I a /a/ you (masc) ci /ki/ he, it cim /kiːm/ she, it au /au/ we cau /kau/ you all ʎoc /ʎok/ they
Accusativexul /xul/ me u /u/ you ta /ta/ him, it mo /moː/ her, it sil /sil/ us ars /ars/ you all ce /ke/ them
Genitivegi /gi/ mine mi /mi/ yours pu /pu/ his, its ma /maː/ hers, its nan /naːn/ ours dɾe /dɾe/ yours (pl) mic /mik/ theirs
Dativeli /li/ to me o /o/ to you im /iːm/ to him, at it sa /sa/ to her, at it to /to/ to us iust /iust/ to you all com /kom/ to them
Locativecan /kan/ at me pi /pi/ at you ble /bleː/ at him, at it ix /iːks/ at her, at it cam /kam/ at us pan /pan/ at you all sam /sam/ at them
Ablativetot /tot/ from me me /me/ from you poc /pok/ from him, from it ma /ma/ from her, from it mam /mam/ from us mis /mis/ from you all mib /mib/ from them
Instrumentalni /ni/ with/using me min /miːn/ with/using you i /i/ with/using him/it oes /oes/ with/using her/it cuic /kuik/ with/using us si /si/ with/using you all ce /keː/ with/using them
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singulargi /gi/ my
2nd singularmi /mi/ your
3rd singular mascpu /pu/ his
3rd singular femma /maː/ her
1st pluralnan /naːn/ our
2nd pluraldɾe /dɾe/ your (pl)
3rd pluralmic /mik/ their
 

Verbs

 
PresentPast
1st singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -im com /koːm/ (I) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -iul col /koːl/ (I) learned
2nd singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ar cor /koːr/ (you) learn Suffix -an ˈcoan /ˈkoːan/ (you) learned
3rd singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ek coc /koːk/ (he/she/it) learns If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -aːb cob /koːb/ (he/she/it) learned
1st pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -am com /koːm/ (we) learn Suffix -um ˈcoum /ˈkoːum/ (we) learned
2nd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -on con /koːn/ (you all) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -at cot /koːt/ (you all) learned
3rd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -id cod /koːd/ (they) learn If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt Else: Suffix -unt cont /koːnt/ (they) learned
  Masajol uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: keir - ceir co /keir koː/ will learn
  Progressive aspect   The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.   Masajol uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  
ProgressiveParticle before the verb: fɾuim - fɾuim co /fɾuim koː/ is learning
  Habitual aspect   The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).   Masajol uses an affix for habitual:
HabitualIf ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -eb cob /koːb/ learns
 

Numbers

  Masajol has a base-10 number system:   1 - sɾium
2 - fac
3 - i
4 - mu
5 - lint
6 - mib
7 - gis
8 - us
9 - oc
10 - pɾes
11 - pɾes dɾe sɾium “ten and one”
100 - sɾium gɾa “one hundred”
101 - sɾium gɾa sɾium “one hundred one”
200 - fac gɾa
1000 - sɾium nim “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -or
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -um
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ik
Noun to verb = Suffix -at
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an
Tending to = Suffix -uːm
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -em
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ik
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -aː
Diminutive = Suffix -e
Augmentative = Suffix -i

Dictionary

4454 Words.

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