Estrenya

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NORAY
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 250K / #51
SPOKEN IN: Azon, Mador - 250K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: sot fi chyhod ma chye elan sot ell chye tenno frithwer es honguko
Pronunciation: sot fi chod ma ce ˈelan sot ell ce ˈtenno ˈfrithwer es ˈhonguko

Estrenya word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h k l m n p r s t v w z/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g
Fricative		f v	s z			h
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y/

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, br, c, ch, cr, d, dr, f, fl, fr, g, h, k, kn, l, m, n, nd, nsp, p, pr, r, s, sh, sl, sm, sp, st, str, sw, t, th, tw, v, w, wh, z
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, c, ch, d, dd, f, g, ght, gn, gr, k, l, ld, lgr, ll, lm, lp, lr, lv, lw, m, mbr, mp, n, nd, ndr, ng, nk, nn, nt, p, ph, pp, pr, r, rb, rc, rd, rl, rn, rr, rt, rth, rtl, rw, s, sf, sh, st, t, th, thw, tt, v, w, wth
Word final consonants: ch, d, f, ght, k, l, lk, ll, lt, m, n, nd, nt, r, rch, rd, rk, rs, rst, s, t, th, w
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• k → x / V_t

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
y	ù
c	chy

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: the - the feght /the feght/ dogs

Articles

Estrenya has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	ho /ho/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	e /e/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	fi /fi/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	frird /frird/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	le /le/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ham /ham/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	whif /whif/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	fechyh /fech/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	na /na/ my
2nd singular	ro /ro/ your
3rd singular masc	chye /ce/ his
3rd singular fem	si /si/ her
1st plural	the /the/ our
2nd plural	twun /twun/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	et /et/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	fet /fet/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st person	No affix won /won/ (I/we) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -th Else: Suffix -oth wonoth /ˈwonoth/ (I/we) learned
2nd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd Else: Suffix -ond wonond /ˈwonond/ (you/you all) learn	Suffix -y wonù /ˈwony/ (you/you all) learned
3rd person	No affix won /won/ (he/she/it/they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -al wonal /ˈwonal/ (he/she/it/they) learned

Estrenya uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: he - he won /he won/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Estrenya uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -er woner /ˈwoner/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Estrenya uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -lk Else: Suffix -olk wonolk /ˈwonolk/ have learned

Numbers

Estrenya has a base-20 number system:
1 - wa
2 - hell
3 - wo
4 - blo
5 - tho
6 - chyef
7 - spa
8 - ron
9 - ndù
10 - han
11 - zustan
12 - signi
13 - soti
14 - nolon
15 - hosad
16 - ndulre
17 - shepi
18 - telre
19 - ndufol
20 - sorlith
21 - sorlith sot wa “twenty and one”
400 - en “fourhundred”
401 - en wa “fourhundred one”
800 - hell en “two fourhundred”
8000 - wosho “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -end
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd Else: Suffix -ond
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -as
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -o
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -yd
Noun to verb = Suffix -es
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ar
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -al
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -o
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -y
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -e
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -em
Diminutive = Suffix -i
Augmentative = Suffix -i

Dictionary

4465 Words.