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Edrussis Dra

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 400K / #44   SPOKEN IN: Beurin - 300K / Rello - 100K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: sȁ dìp ī pū dìp kāmȕm sȁ mȍ dìp mònā tūk jír tū   Pronunciation: sȁ dìp ī pū dìp kāˈmȕmʲ sȁ mȍ dìp mòˈnā tūk jír tū     Edrussis Dra word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f fʲ g h j k l lʲ m mʲ n nʲ p r rʲ s sʲ t tʲ v w x z zʲ ɕː ɥ ʁ ʂ ʃ ʋ ʒ ʔ ʦ ʨ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarRetroflexAlveolo-palatalPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalm mʲn nʲ
Stopp bt tʲ dk gʔ
Affricateʦʨ
Fricativef fʲ vs sʲ z zʲʃ ʒʂɕːxʁh
Approximantʋj
Trillr rʲ
Lateral approximantl lʲ
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-palatalLabial-velar
Approximantɥw
  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/   Tones: ̏ ̀ ̄ ́ ̋  
FrontBack
Highiu
High-mideo
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, bl, bw, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fl, fw, fʁ, fʁɥ, g, gl, gʁ, j, k, kl, kw, kɥ, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, nw, nɥ, p, pj, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sp, st, stʁ, sw, sɥ, t, tj, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, w, z, ɥ, ʁ, ʁj, ʁw, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒw, ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: h, k, l, m, n, p, ʋ, ʔ
Word final consonants: blʲ, brʲ, f, fʲ, j, k, kst, kt, l, lk, lp, lʲ, lʲm, m, mʲ, n, nk, nkt, nt, ntr, nʲ, p, r, rk, rs, rt, rtʲ, rx, rʲ, s, sk, sl, st, str, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tr, tʲ, x, z, zm, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ʂ, ʂtʲ, ʦ, ʨ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • e → i / #_
  • l → h / _k
  • a → ∅ / _V
  • o → u / _#
  • n → ŋ / _#
  • h → ʔ / _#
  • di → ʣ / _V
  • s → ʤ / {i,u}_V
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
ʨche
xkhz
ʐdzh
ʂch
ʦtz
ʲ
ɕːshch
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

 
AnimateInanimate
SingularSuffix -ȁn gìȁn /gìˈȁn/ Suffix -a̋ pősta̋ /pősˈta̋/
PluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ȁk gìk /gìk/ If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ȍp pőstȍp /pősˈtȍp/
 

Articles

  Edrussis Dra has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

 
1st singularmì /mì/ I, me, mine
2nd singularwi̋zn /wi̋zʲnʲ/ you, yours
3rd singular mascdìp /dìp/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular femvʁōn /vʁōn/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural /ī/ we, us, ours
2nd pluralmȉ /mȉ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural /ū/ they, them, theirs
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularmì /mì/ my
2nd singularwi̋zn /wi̋zʲnʲ/ your
3rd singular mascdìp /dìp/ his
3rd singular femvʁōn /vʁōn/ her
1st plural /ī/ our
2nd pluralmȉ /mȉ/ your (pl)
3rd plural /ū/ their
 

Verbs

 
PresentNo affix kím /kím/ learn
PastSuffix -ù kímù /kíˈmù/ learned
  Edrussis Dra uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: kȍ - kȍ kím /kȍ kím/ will learn
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Edrussis Dra uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectSuffix -ȉ kímȉ /kíˈmȉ/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Edrussis Dra has a base-20 number system:   1 - gī
2 - mȅ
3 - ȍk
4 - kàp
5 - mè
6 - āl
7 - mì
8 - pēn
9 - jám
10 - kȅnī
11 - mìlá
12 - gʁȁpìm
13 - űtz
14 - ma̋pēhi̋
15 - mút
16 - mālút
17 - őnēmȉ
18 - i̋rs
19 - ʒwe̋ʔe̋pù
20 - mál
21 - gī sȁ mál “one and twenty”
400 - ō “fourhundred”
401 - ō gī “fourhundred one”
800 - mȅ ō “two fourhundred”
8000 - ístr “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -òl
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʨ Else: Suffix -ȕʨ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ȉ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ìs
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ȉm
Noun to verb = Suffix -ȁz
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt Else: Suffix -ánt
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ók
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lk Else: Suffix -ȕlk
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -i̋
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ȕt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -àj
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -īs
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ȉs

Dictionary

4445 Words.

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