taiga
Geography
The southernmost forest of the continent. It is an area of high volcanic activity with hot and warm springs feeding rivers and lakes that weave throughout the forest. To the north, it is bordered by (broadleaf forest), the south by (tundra), and the east by (alpine) biomes.
The average summer temperature is 18 °C while the average winter temperature is −3 °C. rain is mostly a coastal phenomenon with inland precipitation happening only in the summer.
The region experiences continuous permafrost below the serface limiting growth of some plant species, this is not broken up until [hearth shelter] making agriculture impossable of at least half of the biome.
Fauna & Flora
Flora - Trees and Shrubs
Closed canopy Taiga / Hemiboreal | Sparse Taiga* |
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Alder - (A. glutinosa, A. incana) Alder buckthorn - (F. alnus) Ash - (F. excelsior) Aspen - (P. tremula) Beech - (F. sylvatica) Cherry - (P. avium) Chestnut - (C. sativa[3]) Crab apple - (M. sylvestris) Elm - (U. glabra, U. laevis) Hagberry - (P. padus) Hazel - (C. avellana) Hornbeam - (C. betulus) Lime - (T. cordata) Maple - (A. pseudoplatanus) Oak - (Q. petraea, Q. robur) Popular - (P. alba, P. nigra) Rowan - (S. aucuparia) Sea buckthorn - (H. rhamnoides[4]) Sloe - (P. spinosa) Walnut - (J. regia) Willow - (S. alba, S. aurita, S. cinerea, S. fragilis, S. lapponum, S. pentandra, S. richardsonii) Yew - (T. baccata) | Birch - (B. pendula, B. pubescens) Common heather - (C. vulgaris) Dwarf Birch - (B. nana[1]) Larch - (L. sibirica) Pine - (P. sylvestris) Maple - (A. platanoides) Spruce - (P. abies, P. obovata) Willow - (S. arbuscula[1],S. caprea, S. lanata, S. myrtilloides, S. phylicifolia, S. polaris[2], S. repens) |
Flora - Berries
Closed canopy Taiga / Hemiboreal | Sparse Taiga* |
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Blackberry (R. plicatus) Bilberry (V. myrtillus) Dog rose (R. canina) Elderberry (S. nigra) Juniper berry (J. communis) Wild Strawberry - (F. moschata, F. vesca) | Arctic Raspberry (R. arcticus[1]) Cranberry (V. oxycoccos) Knotberry (R. chamaemorus) Lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea) |
Flora - Meadow
Grass | Flowers |
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Bunchgrass (F. polesica, F. vivipara) Common cat's tail (P. pratense) Common reed (P. australis) Couch grass (E. repens) Lappland reedgrass (C. lapponica) Pendant grass (A. fulva) Ryegrass (F. pratensis, L. rigidum, L. temulentum) Woodland bluegrass (P. palustris) | Alsike clover (T. hybridum) Common chickweed (S. media) Field dock (R. pseudonatronatus) Field pennycress (T. arvense) Heath bedstraw (G. saxatile) Hoary plantain (P. media) Limestone bedstraw (G. sterneri) Meadow buttercup (R. acris)[1] Narrow-leaved rattle (R. angustifolius) Red clover (T. pratense) Ribwort plantain (P. Lanceolata) Three-petal bedstraw (G. trifidum) Violet (V. canina, V. palustris, V. persicifolia) Yellow rattle (R. minor) Zigzag clover (T. medium) |
Flora - Herbs
Closed canopy Taiga / Hemiboreal | Sparse Taiga* |
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Brown knapweed (C. jacea) Burdock (A. lappa) Chervil (A. cerefolium) Chives (A. schoenoprasum) Coltsfoot (T. farfara) Corriander (C. sativum[3]) Cow parsley (A. sylvestris) Cowslip (P. veris) Dandelion (T. officinale) Dyer's woodruff (A. tinctoria) European white water lily (N. alba) - Poisonous Fennel (F. vulgare) Garlic (A. sativum) Ground elder (A. podagraria) Hairy bittercress (C. hirsuta) Horseradish (A. rusticana[3]) Lovage (L. officinale) Mayflower (C. pratensis) Marsh calla (C. palustris) - Poisonous when raw. Meadsweet (F. ulmaria) Mint (M. aquatica, M. longifolia, M. spicata) Mustard (S. alba) Nettle (U. dioica) Pennyroyal (M. pulegium[5]) Peppercress (L. campestre) Sea kale (C. maritima)[4] Tarragon (A. dracunculus) Thyme (T. serpyllum, T. vulgaris[3]) Valerian (V. officinalis)[5] Watercress (N. officinale) White twisted-stalk (S. amplexifolius) Wood avens (G. urbanum[5]) Woodruff (G. odoratum) Woundwort (S. virgaurea) Yarrow (A. millefolium) | Alternate-leaved golden-saxifrage (C. alternifolium) Angelica (A. archangelica) Arctic butterbur (P. frigidus)[1] Banewort (R. flammula)[1] Blunt-leaved orchid (P. obtusata) Bogbean (M. trifoliata) Bog-myrtle (M. gale) Bog-rosemary (A. polifolia) - Poisonous Boreal sagewort (A. norvegica) Boreal stitchwort (M. rubella) Dill (A. graveolens) Dwarf cornel (C. suecica) European searocket (C. maritima) Lapland marsh-orchid (D. lapponica)[1] Northern water hemlock (C. virosa) - Poisonous Rosebay willowherb (C. angustifolium) Roseroot (R. rosea[1]) Scurvy-grass (C. officinalis) Sorrel (R. acetosa) Stonecrop (S. acre[2]) |
Flora - Ferns and Mosses
Fern | Moss and lichens |
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Adder's-tongue (O. vulgatum) Black maidenhair fern (A. capillus-veneris) Black spleenwort (A. adiantum-nigrum) Bracken (P. aquilinum) Brittle bladder-fern (C. fragilis) Common polypody (P. vulgare) Fiddlehead fern (M. struthiopteris) Forked spleenwort (A. septentrionale) Greenish bladder-fern (C. diaphana) Hard-fern (S. spicant) Hard shield-fern (P. aculeatum) Hart's-tongue fern (A. scolopendrium) Lady fern (A. filix-femina) Leathery moonwort (S. multifidum) Maidenhair spleenwort (A. trichomanes) Male fern (D. filix-mas) Moonwort (B. lunaria) Narrow buckler-fern (D. carthusiana) Northern beech fern (P. connectilis) Northern buckler-fern (D. expansa) Oak fern (G. dryopteris) Parsley fern (C. crispa) Rattlesnake fern (B. virginianus) Royal fern (O. regalis) Rusty cliff fern (W. ilvensis) Scaly male fern (D. affinis) Sea spleenwort (A. marinum) | B. elegans C. abietinum C. dendroides C. islandica H. appressa H. splendens R. geographicum |
Flora - Fungi
Fauna - Land Mammals
Carnivore/ Omnivore | Herbivore |
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Badger (M. meles) Bat (B. barbastellus, E. nilssonii, M. brandtii, M. dasycneme, M. daubentonii, M. mystacinus, M. nattereri, N. noctula, P. pipistrellus, P. nathusii, V. murinus) Bear (U. arctos) Fox (V. lagopus, V. vulpes) Hedgehog (E. europaeus) Lynx (L. l. lynx) Otter (L. lutra) Pine Marten (M. martes) Polecat (M. putorius) Shrew (N. fodiens, S. araneus,S. minutus) Stoat (M. erminea) Weasel (M. nivalis) Wolf (C. l. albus, C. l. lupus) Wolverine (G. gulo) | Beaver (C. fiber) Bison (B. bonasus) Chipmunk (E. sibiricus) Deer (C. e. atlanticus, C. e. hippelaphus, C. e. scoticus, C. capreolus, C. pygargus) Doormouse (M. avellanarius) Elk (A. alces) Hare (L. europaeus, L. timidus) Mouse (A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, M. minutus, S. betulina) Rabbit (O. cuniculus) Squirrel (S. vulgaris) Vole (M. agrestis, M. subterraneus, M. tatricus, M. evoronensis, M. glareolus, M. oeconomus) |
Fauna - Birds
Fauna - Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles | Amphibians |
---|---|
Common European adder (V. b. berus) Grass snake (N. natrix)[1] Leatherback sea turtle (D. coriacea)[3] Sand lizard (L. agilis) Slowworm (A. fragilis) Smooth snake (C. austriaca)[1] Zootoca vivipara (Z. vivipara) | Agile frog (R. dalmatina)[1] Common frog (R. temporaria) Common toad (B. bufo) European fire-bellied toad (B. bombina)[1] European tree frog (H. arborea)[1] Moor frog (R. arvalis) Natterjack toad (E. calamita)[1] Northern crested newt (T. cristatus)[2] Pool frog (P. lessonae)[1] Smooth newt (L. vulgaris)[2] |
Fauna - Fish
Streams and fast-moving river | Slow-moving river | Lake |
---|---|---|
Asp (L. aspius) - fry live downstream. Brook lamprey (L. planeri) Brown trout (S. trutta) Burbot (L. lota) - Needs cold temperatures to breed. Common minnow (P. phoxinus) Common roach (R. rutilus) - Can be found in any freshwater habitat. Common rudd (S. erythrophthalmus) - Prefer nonacidic water. European bullhead (C. gobio) Grayling (T. thymallus) Gudgeon (G. gobio) - Inhabits all kinds of fresh-water habitats with sandy bottoms. Stone loach (B. barbatula) - Found mostly in chalk streams. | Bream (A. brama, B. ballerus, B. bjoerkna) Common dace (L. leuciscus) - Moves upstream to breed. European chub (S. cephalus) European eel (A. anguilla) - Breeds in the sea. Ide (L. idus) - Also lives in clear lakes. Ninespine stickleback (P. pungitius) - Found mostly in Northern rivers. Perch (P. fluviatilis) - Found mostly in Northern rivers. River lamprey (L. fluviatilis) - Adults live in marine biomes. Spined loach (C. taenia) - Found mostly in Northern rivers. Vimba (V. vimba) - Mostly lives in estuaries but breed in rivers. Zander (S. lucioperca) | Arctic char (S. alpinus) Bleak (A. alburnus) - Also inhabits streams. Carp (C. carassius) - Mostly found in southern lakes and rivers. (C. carpio) - Mostly found in northern lakes and rivers. European cisco (C. albula) Fourhorn sculpin (M. quadricornis) - Also found in arctic seas. Northern pike (E. lucius) - Found in shallow, weedy areas of lakes and rivers. Sunbleak (L. delineatus) - Their eggs often stick to waterfowl, leading them to also live in rivers. Tench (T. tinca) - Found in lakes with clay or muddy bed and plenty of vegetation. Valaam whitefish (C. widegreni) |
Fauna - Molluscs
Land gastropods | Freshwater gastropods | Freshwater bivalves |
---|---|---|
A. ater A. circumscriptus A. distinctus A. fasciatus A. fuscus - Lives under fallen logs and under bark in woodland areas. A. intermedius A. rufus - Only found in the northern part of the forest. A. silvaticus B. pallens D. agreste D. laeve - It is usually found in lowlands and very humid habitats, swamps, riversides, or wetlands. D. reticulatum D. sturanyi L. cinereoniger L. flavus L. marginata L. maximus M. gagates M. tenellus P. pratensis V. lilljeborgi | A. fluviatilis - Lives in lakes that don't freeze in winter. A. hypnorum - Lives in shallow ponds. A. leucostoma A. vortex A. spirorbis A. vorticulus - This species often lives in places where there are lots of duckweed. B. contortus - Found in floodplain marshes and marshy or peaty pools. B. leachii - Lives in thickly vegetated rivers. B. tentaculata - Often lives in lakes. E. ventrosa - Mostly found in estuaries. G. acronicus G. albus G. crista G. laevis - It favours sunny clean and silent shallow water zones with moderately rich vegetation. G. riparius G. truncatula - Likes marshland. Is a vector of liver rot in humans. H. complanatus L. stagnalis - Prefers slowly running water, and standing water bodies. M. glutinosa - Requires extremely clear, calm water. M. insubrica - Lives almost exclusively in lakes. O. glabra - Prefers mashy meadows. P. carinatus P. corneus P. fontinalis P. planorbis R. auricularia - Lives in lakes and rivers with muddy bottoms. R. peregra - Common in still waters. R. balthica S. corvus S. fuscus S. nitida S. palustris T. fluviatilis - Lives in slow-moving rivers and estuaries. V. contectus - Likes hard water and slow-moving rivers. V. cristata V. macrostoma - Lives in marshes. V. piscinalis - Prefers to live in running water. V. viviparus - Prefers deep water. | A. anatina A. cygnea M. lacustre M. margaritifera P. amnicum P. casertanum P. complanata P. conventus Pisidium globulare P. henslowanum P. hibernicum P. lilljeborgii P. milium P. moitessierianum P. nitidum P. obtusale P. personatum P. pseudosphaerium P. pulchellum P. subtruncatum P. supinum P. tenuilineatum S. corneum S. nucleus U. crassus U. pictorum U. tumidus |
Natural Resources
Wild | Cultivated |
Amber Birch syrup Edible mushrooms Eggs Feathers Freshwater fish Furs Green dye (from Ragwort) Honey Medicinal plants Lead Silver Spruce beer Stone Yellow dye (from Ragwort) Wood | Barley Beef Blue dye (from Woad) Cabbage Carrots Oats Hay Leather Linen Mutton Milk Parsnip Peas Rye Straw Wheat Wool |
Alternative Name(s)
PIUERBI LUNA
Type
Taiga
Included Locations
Included Organizations
Owning Organization
Contested By
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