Dhë̀sian

Spoken in the east-central mountains of Sunik Nation - Ivok Taleon, among the tribes that inhabit the caverns, hills, and seashores of Sefutji's east-central edge. The language has no known related language. The closest relative is several hundred kilometers northeast near the northern pole.

Dhë̀sian has the unique aspect that all affixes are prefixes, the second set of vowels all use retracted tongue root, and it has a set of voiced and unvoiced velar consonants. The language did not have a written form until 670 E, when traders from Sunik Nation crossed the Ivok Taleon and made contact. A local artificer devised the written language to record the historic meeting of another tribe of people, and to aid in communication between the two groups.

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Noun affixes

	Singular	Plural	Paucal
Nominative	No affix fé /fé/ cat (when doing the verb)	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pʰʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix pʰí- phífé /ˈpʰífé/ cats (when doing the verb)	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̬ʰʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix g̬ʰù- ghùfé /ˈg̬ʰùfé/ a few cats (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥w̥ɛ̙̀- Else: Prefix k̥w̥ò- k̊ẘòfé /ˈk̥w̥òfé/ (verb done to) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊w̥ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix g̊w̥í- g̊ẘífé /ˈg̊w̥ífé/ (verb done to) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙̀- Else: Prefix è- èfé /ˈèfé/ (verb done to) a few cats
Genitive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix fɛ̙́- Else: Prefix fō- fōfé /ˈfōfé/ catʼs	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix dà̙- Else: Prefix dū- dūfé /ˈdūfé/ catsʼ	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̀- Else: Prefix ò- òfé /ˈòfé/ a few cats'
Illative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix tɛ̙́- Else: Prefix tū- tūfé /ˈtūfé/ into (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix ù- ùfé /ˈùfé/ into (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix dʰʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix dʰē- dhēfé /ˈdʰēfé/ into (the/few) cats
Inessive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥ʰā̙- Else: Prefix k̥ʰò- k̊hòfé /ˈk̥ʰòfé/ inside (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pʰɔ̙́- Else: Prefix pʰō- phōfé /ˈpʰōfé/ inside (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̬ɛ̙̀- Else: Prefix g̬ē- gēfé /ˈg̬ēfé/ inside (the/few) cats
Elative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix ú- úfé /ˈúfé/ out of (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙̄- Else: Prefix ò- òfé /ˈòfé/ out of (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̬ʷʊ̙́- Else: Prefix g̬ʷí- gjífé /ˈg̬ʷífé/ out of (the/few) cats
Comitative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙́- Else: Prefix ú- úfé /ˈúfé/ with (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙́- Else: Prefix ì- ìfé /ˈìfé/ with (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ā̙- Else: Prefix è- èfé /ˈèfé/ with (the/few) cats
Essive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix è- èfé /ˈèfé/ period of time existing as (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʥɛ̙́- Else: Prefix ʥà- sjàfé /ˈʥàfé/ time existing as (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix ū- ūfé /ˈūfé/ time existing as (the/few) cats
Locative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pá̙- Else: Prefix pì- pìfé /ˈpìfé/ near/at/by (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix ē- ēfé /ˈēfé/ near/at/by (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ā̙- Else: Prefix ó- ófé /ˈófé/ near/at/by (the/few) cats
Ablative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix sɛ̙́- Else: Prefix sá- sáfé /ˈsáfé/ away from (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix á̙- Else: Prefix ī- īfé /ˈīfé/ from (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix w̥̃ɔ̙̄- Else: Prefix w̥̃ò- ẘnòfé /ˈw̥̃òfé/ from (the/few) cats
Instrumental	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊w̥ʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix g̊w̥ā- g̊ẘāfé /ˈg̊w̥āfé/ with/by (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̬ʰwɪ̙́- Else: Prefix k̬ʰwì- khwìfé /ˈk̬ʰwìfé/ with/by (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix ā- āfé /ˈāfé/ with/by (the/few) cats
Subessive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix fʊ̙́- Else: Prefix fú- fúfé /ˈfúfé/ under (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix w̥ɛ̙̀- Else: Prefix w̥ū- ẘūfé /ˈw̥ūfé/ under (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix s̃ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix s̃à- snàfé /ˈs̃àfé/ under (the/few) cats
Superessive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̄- Else: Prefix ō- ōfé /ˈōfé/ on (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix ì- ìfé /ˈìfé/ on (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̬ā̙- Else: Prefix g̬í- gífé /ˈg̬ífé/ on (the/few) cats
Temporal	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix à- àfé /ˈàfé/ when/at (the/a) cat	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix z̃ɪ̙̄- Else: Prefix z̃á- znáfé /ˈz̃áfé/ when/at (the/some) cats	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix á- áfé /ˈáfé/ when/at (the/few) cats

Pronouns

	Singular	Plural	Paucal
1st person	ẘnè /w̥̃è/ I, me, mine	sĵīts /ʥʰīʨ/ we, us, ours	pūsj /pūʥ/ few of us
2nd person	khwī /k̬ʰwī/ you, yours	zë̄ /zɛ̙̄/ you all, yours (pl)	k̊j̊á /k̥ʷá/ few of you
3rd person	snǘ /s̃ʊ̙́/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its	dǟ /dā̙/ they, them, theirs	gjá /g̬ʷá/ few of them

Articles

Definite	vnë́ /ṽɛ̙́/ the
Indefinite	tǘz /tʊ̙́z/ a/some

Writing System

The writing system is very similar in form to Erinian dialect of Erinevian, the dialect of the trader that first made contact with them. With the local artificers, the Erinian devised a system with letters that flowed like water over rocky terrain. It is mostly used in administrative and historical accounts, but members of this group of people rarely write to each other with it.

Phonology

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b bʰ bʲ b̥ d dʰ f f̃ g̊ g̊ʰ g̊ʷ g̊ʷʰ g̬ g̬ʰ g̬ʷ g̬ʷʰ h h̃ j j̊ j̊̃ k̥ k̥ʰ k̥ʷ k̥ʷʰ k̬ k̬ʰ k̬ʷ k̬ʷʰ k͡p l p pʰ pʲ p̊ r r̃ s s̃ t tʰ v ṽ w w̥ w̥̃ z z̃ ɠ͡ɓ ɣ ɣʷ ʥ ʥʰ ʨ ʨʰ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p pʰ pʲ b bʰ bʲ b̥		t tʰ d dʰ			k̥ k̥ʰ k̥ʷ k̥ʷʰ k̬ k̬ʰ k̬ʷ k̬ʷʰ g̬ g̬ʰ g̬ʷ g̬ʷʰ
Affricate				ʨ ʨʰ ʥ ʥʰ
Fricative		f f̃ v ṽ	s s̃ z z̃			ɣ ɣʷ	h h̃
Approximant					j̊ j̊̃ j
Trill			r r̃
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Stop	k͡p
Approximant	w w̥ w̥̃

Vowels Vowel harmony is used. Vowel set 2 is pronounced with a retracted tongue root.
Vowel Set 1: a e i o u Vowel Set 2: ɔ̙ ɛ̙ ɪ̙ ʊ̙ a̙
Tones: ́ ̄ ̀high, mid, low

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Near-high	ɪ̙	ʊ̙
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid	ɛ̙	ɔ̙
Low	a a̙

Morphology

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pʲʊ̙́-
Else: Prefix pʲà-

Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́-
Else: Prefix ì-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix zá̙-
Else: Prefix zē-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊ʷà̙-
Else: Prefix g̊ʷù-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥ʷʰɔ̙́-
Else: Prefix k̥ʷʰā-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̬ʷʰɛ̙́-
Else: Prefix k̬ʷʰú-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix à̙-
Else: Prefix è-
Noun to verb = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix vʊ̙̀-
Else: Prefix ví-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥ʷʰɔ̙̀-
Else: Prefix k̥ʷʰù-
Tending to = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̀-
Else: Prefix è-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pʰɛ̙̄-
Else: Prefix pʰá-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́-
Else: Prefix ū-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥ʷɔ̙̀-
Else: Prefix k̥ʷì-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̄-
Else: Prefix ā-
Diminutive = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix á̙-
Else: Prefix ì-
Augmentative = If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̬ʰwʊ̙̄-
Else: Prefix k̬ʰwī-

Syntax

Subject - Object - Verb
Example:
A cat jumps over a wall.
vnë́ fé ghùr àdhàzrí ìtǘk̊ẘï̄ . Pronunciation: /ṽɛ̙́ fé g̬ʰùr àˈdʰàzrí ìˈtʊ̙́k̥w̥ɪ̙̄ ./
Gloss: vnë́ fé ghùr àdhàzrí ìtǘk̊ẘï̄ .
The SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE:NOUN-cat over SINGULAR.TEMPORAL:NOUN-wall HABITUAL.PRESENT.INDICATIVE:VERB-jump.

Vocabulary

Numbers

Dhë̀sian has a base-10 number system:
1 - óz
2 - ẘnē
3 - pízā
4 - kʷë́
5 - g̊ǜ
6 - pë̀sn
7 - dhï̄th
8 - znö́r
9 - lètì
10 - èdì
Hundred - ẘī
Thousand - ghwàth

Phonetics

Syllable structure: VCV or CV(C)(V)

Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
bʰ	bh
dʰ	dh
b̥	b̊
p̊	p̊
pʰ	ph
pʲ	pj
ʥʰ	sĵ
ʥ	sj
bʲ	bj
ɠ͡ɓ	g̃
k͡p	k̃
g̊ʷʰ	g̊j̊h
k̥ʷʰ	k̊j̊h
k̬ʷʰ	kjh
g̊ʰ	g̊h
k̥ʰ	k̊h
g̬ʷ	gj
g̊ʷ	g̊j̊
k̥ʷ	k̊j̊
k̬ʰ	kh
k̥	k̊
g̊	g̊
k̬	k
g̬ʰ	gh
g̬	g
ʨʰ	sh
ʨ	ts
tʰ	th
f̃	fn
h̃	hn
j̊̃	j̊n
r̃	rn
s̃	sn
ṽ	vn
w̃	wn
w̥̃	ẘn
w̥	ẘ
z̃	zn
a̙	ä
ɛ̙	ë
ɔ̙	ö
ʊ̙	ü
ɪ̙	ï
ɣʷ	xh
ɣ	x

Tenses

Verb affixes

Indicative

	Perfective	Habitual	Continuous	Perfect
Past	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ā̙- Else: Prefix à- àták̊ /ˈàták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊ʰw̥ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix g̊ʰw̥ó- g̊hẘóták̊ /ˈg̊ʰw̥óták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥ʷá̙- Else: Prefix k̥ʷí- k̊j̊íták̊ /ˈk̥ʷíták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix ō- ōták̊ /ˈōták̥/
Present	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙́- Else: Prefix ī- īták̊ /ˈīták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙̄- Else: Prefix ì- ìták̊ /ˈìták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix á̙- Else: Prefix ī- īták̊ /ˈīták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̬ʷʰʊ̙́- Else: Prefix k̬ʷʰù- kjhùták̊ /ˈk̬ʷʰùták̥/
Future	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix w̥̃á̙- Else: Prefix w̥̃á- ẘnáták̊ /ˈw̥̃áták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix ì- ìták̊ /ˈìták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix fà̙- Else: Prefix fí- fíták̊ /ˈfíták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix à̙- Else: Prefix ó- óták̊ /ˈóták̥/

Conditional

	Perfective	Habitual	Continuous	Perfect
Past	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʥá̙- Else: Prefix ʥā- sjāták̊ /ˈʥāták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥w̥ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix k̥w̥ū- k̊ẘūták̊ /ˈk̥w̥ūták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix à- àták̊ /ˈàták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix ī- īták̊ /ˈīták̥/
Present	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix á- áták̊ /ˈáták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙́- Else: Prefix à- àták̊ /ˈàták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊ʷʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix g̊ʷá- g̊j̊áták̊ /ˈg̊ʷáták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix é- éták̊ /ˈéták̥/
Future	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̬ʷā̙- Else: Prefix k̬ʷī- kʷīták̊ /ˈk̬ʷīták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙̄- Else: Prefix á- áták̊ /ˈáták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʨʰà̙- Else: Prefix ʨʰó- shóták̊ /ˈʨʰóták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix ā- āták̊ /ˈāták̥/

Subjunctive

	Perfective	Habitual	Continuous	Perfect
Past	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix bɪ̙́- Else: Prefix bí- bíták̊ /ˈbíták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix ù- ùták̊ /ˈùták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix á̙- Else: Prefix ú- úták̊ /ˈúták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix ī- īták̊ /ˈīták̥/
Present	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix ō- ōták̊ /ˈōták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix p̊ɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix p̊ú- p̊úták̊ /ˈp̊úták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix ē- ēták̊ /ˈēták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix bʰá̙- Else: Prefix bʰā- bhāták̊ /ˈbʰāták̥/
Future	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pʊ̙́- Else: Prefix pū- pūták̊ /ˈpūták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix ó- óták̊ /ˈóták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix tɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix tú- túták̊ /ˈtúták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ā̙- Else: Prefix ī- īták̊ /ˈīták̥/

Imperative

	Perfective	Habitual	Continuous	Perfect
Past	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̀- Else: Prefix ī- īták̊ /ˈīták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙̄- Else: Prefix è- èták̊ /ˈèták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix f̃ʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix f̃í- fníták̊ /ˈf̃íták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊w̥ɪ̙̄- Else: Prefix g̊w̥í- g̊ẘíták̊ /ˈg̊w̥íták̥/
Present	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix ā- āták̊ /ˈāták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̬ʷʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix k̬ʷá- kʷáták̊ /ˈk̬ʷáták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ṽɪ̙̄- Else: Prefix ṽū- vnūták̊ /ˈṽūták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix k̥ʷɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix k̥ʷì- k̊j̊ìták̊ /ˈk̥ʷìták̥/
Future	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix sɔ̙́- Else: Prefix sò- sòták̊ /ˈsòták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̀- Else: Prefix í- íták̊ /ˈíták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊ʷʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix g̊ʷá- g̊j̊áták̊ /ˈg̊ʷáták̥/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̄- Else: Prefix á- áták̊ /ˈáták̥/

Adjective Order

Adjective affixes

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix tǖ /tʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊ʰʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix g̊ʰò- g̊hòtǖ /ˈg̊ʰòtʊ̙̄/
Accusative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix f̃ɪ̙́- Else: Prefix f̃ù- fnùtǖ /ˈf̃ùtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙̄- Else: Prefix í- ítǖ /ˈítʊ̙̄/
Genitive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix zɔ̙́- Else: Prefix zī- zītǖ /ˈzītʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix ē- ētǖ /ˈētʊ̙̄/
Illative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix à- àtǖ /ˈàtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙̀- Else: Prefix ú- útǖ /ˈútʊ̙̄/
Inessive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix dʰɛ̙́- Else: Prefix dʰò- dhòtǖ /ˈdʰòtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix bʊ̙̀- Else: Prefix bī- bītǖ /ˈbītʊ̙̄/
Elative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix ō- ōtǖ /ˈōtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̊ʰɔ̙̀- Else: Prefix g̊ʰú- g̊hútǖ /ˈg̊ʰútʊ̙̄/
Comitative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙̀- Else: Prefix ù- ùtǖ /ˈùtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix é- étǖ /ˈétʊ̙̄/
Essive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix pɪ̙́- Else: Prefix pē- pētǖ /ˈpētʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ṽʊ̙́- Else: Prefix ṽì- vnìtǖ /ˈṽìtʊ̙̄/
Locative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙́- Else: Prefix í- ítǖ /ˈítʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɛ̙̄- Else: Prefix ù- ùtǖ /ˈùtʊ̙̄/
Ablative	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ā̙- Else: Prefix ō- ōtǖ /ˈōtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix g̬ʷʰɪ̙́- Else: Prefix g̬ʷʰū- gjʰūtǖ /ˈg̬ʷʰūtʊ̙̄/
Instrumental	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɪ̙̀- Else: Prefix í- ítǖ /ˈítʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix vā̙- Else: Prefix vù- vùtǖ /ˈvùtʊ̙̄/
Subessive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix á̙- Else: Prefix ē- ētǖ /ˈētʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ɔ̙́- Else: Prefix ì- ìtǖ /ˈìtʊ̙̄/
Superessive	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix và̙- Else: Prefix vì- vìtǖ /ˈvìtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix ú- útǖ /ˈútʊ̙̄/
Temporal	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix ʊ̙̄- Else: Prefix à- àtǖ /ˈàtʊ̙̄/	If contains {ʊ̙,ɪ̙,ɛ̙,a̙,ɔ̙}: Prefix dʰɛ̙̄- Else: Prefix dʰó- dhótǖ /ˈdʰótʊ̙̄/

Dictionary

4063 Words.

Spoken by

• sjàDhë̀sian