Natively known as: Pris /priːs/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
vu rint pe vux spinc seini vu cioci spinc vunu edit cis seta
Pronunciation: /wu rint pe wuks spiːnk ˈseini wu ˈkiokiː spiːnk ˈwunu ˈedit kis ˈseːta/
Prisian word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f h k kʷ l m n p r s t w ɡ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
|
n |
|
|
| Stop |
p b |
|
t d |
k kʷ ɡ |
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
s |
|
h |
| Trill |
|
|
r |
|
|
| Lateral approximant |
|
|
l |
|
|
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labial-velar |
| Approximant |
w |
Vowel inventory: /a ae au aː e ei eu eː i io iu iː o oe oː u ui uː/
Diphthongs: ae, au, ei, eu, io, iu, oe, ui
|
Front |
Back |
| High |
i iː |
u uː |
| High-mid |
e eː |
o oː |
| Low |
a aː |
|
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, br, d, f, fl, fr, h, k, kl, kr, kʷ, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sk, sp, st, t, tr, w, ɡ, ɡl, ɡr
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, br, bs, bt, d, dd, dkʷ, dm, dw, f, ff, h, k, kk, kkʷ, kr, ks, ksk, ksp, kspl, kssp, kst, kstr, kt, kʷ, l, lk, ll, ln, lp, ls, lt, ltr, lw, lɡ, m, mb, mkʷ, mm, mn, mp, mpl, mpr, mw, n, nd, nf, nfl, nfr, nk, nkl, nkr, nkʷ, nl, nn, ns, nskr, nsp, nst, nstr, nt, ntr, nw, nɡ, nɡr, p, pl, pp, ppl, ppr, pr, ps, pt, r, rb, rd, rf, rk, rkʷ, rm, rn, rp, rr, rs, rsp, rt, rw, rɡ, s, sd, sk, skʷ, sm, sp, ss, st, stkʷ, str, t, tkʷ, tr, ts, tt, ttr, w, ɡ, ɡm, ɡn, ɡr, ɡɡ
Word final consonants: b, d, k, ks, l, m, n, nk, ns, nt, ps, r, rs, s, st, t
Phonological changes (in order of application):
How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| ɡ |
g |
| kʷ |
qu |
| ks |
x |
| k |
c |
| w |
v |
| ː |
|
Grammar
Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
Nouns have seven cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
- Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
- Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
| Nominative |
No affix
ledis /ˈledis/
doɡ (doinɡ the verb) |
| Accusative |
If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix wu-
vuledis /ˈwuledis/
(verb done to) doɡ |
| Genitive |
If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix keː-
celedis /ˈkeːledis/
doɡʼs |
| Dative |
If starts with vowel: Prefix tr-
Else: Prefix tro-
troledis /ˈtroledis/
to (the/a) doɡ |
| Locative |
If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix seː-
seledis /ˈseːledis/
near/at/by (the/a) doɡ |
| Ablative |
If starts with vowel: Prefix f-
Else: Prefix fiu-
fiuledis /ˈfiuledis/
from (the/a) doɡ |
| Instrumental |
If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix pi-
piledis /ˈpiledis/
with/usinɡ (the/a) doɡ |
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Masculine |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix ne-
neves /ˈnewes/
man |
If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mo-
moves /ˈmowes/
men |
| Feminine |
If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix so-
sulle /ˈsulle/
woman |
Prefix wa-
vaulle /ˈwaulle/
women |
| Neuter |
Prefix preː-
preledis /ˈpreːledis/
doɡ |
Prefix le-
leledis /ˈleledis/
doɡs |
Articles
|
Definite |
Indefinite |
| Singular |
fo /foː/
the |
le /le/
a |
| Plural |
so /so/
the |
ce /ke/
some |
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Locative |
Ablative |
Instrumental |
| 1st singular |
pi /pi/
I |
des /des/
me |
ce /ke/
mine |
e /e/
to me |
sis /siːs/
at me |
so /so/
from me |
fro /fro/
with/using me |
| 2nd singular |
per /per/
you (masc) |
gu /ɡu/
you |
dim /dim/
yours |
soem /soem/
to you |
print /priːnt/
at you |
me /me/
from you |
sae /sae/
with/using you |
| 3rd singular masc |
pe /pe/
he |
as /as/
him |
put /put/
his |
cu /ku/
to him |
fo /foː/
at him |
u /u/
from him |
tro /tro/
with/using him |
| 3rd singular fem |
les /les/
she |
faut /faut/
her |
cus /kus/
hers |
pret /preːt/
to her |
caud /kaud/
at her |
cint /kint/
from her |
pro /pro/
with/using her |
| 3rd singular neut |
ta /ta/
it |
ci /ki/
it |
cur /kur/
its |
cid /kiːd/
to it |
vum /wum/
at it |
plim /pliːm/
from it |
so /soː/
with/using it |
| 1st plural |
quad /kʷad/
we |
vu /wu/
us |
di /di/
ours |
po /po/
to us |
ips /ips/
at us |
sa /saː/
from us |
ni /ni/
with/using us |
| 2nd plural |
ma /ma/
you all |
bro /broː/
you all |
o /o/
yours (pl) |
se /seː/
to you all |
i /iː/
at you all |
im /iːm/
from you all |
stet /steːt/
with/using you all |
| 3rd plural masc |
het /het/
they (masc) |
ri /ri/
them (masc) |
de /de/
theirs (masc) |
cra /kraː/
to them (masc) |
rin /rin/
at them (masc) |
ux /uks/
from them (masc) |
ca /ka/
with/using them (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem |
hent /hent/
they (fem) |
i /i/
them (fem) |
bo /bo/
theirs (fem) |
cist /kist/
to them (fem) |
si /si/
at them (fem) |
set /seːt/
from them (fem) |
mem /mem/
with/using them (fem) |
| 3rd plural neut |
ub /ub/
they (neut) |
prim /priːm/
them (neut) |
pid /piːd/
theirs (neut) |
mens /mens/
to them (neut) |
cu /kuː/
at them (neut) |
mo /mo/
from them (neut) |
le /le/
with/using them (neut) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
gliul /ɡliul/
my |
| 2nd singular |
ris /ris/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
spinc /spiːnk/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
he /he/
her |
| 3rd singular neut |
u /u/
its |
| 1st plural |
gu /ɡu/
our |
| 2nd plural |
co /koː/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc |
co /ko/
their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem |
fo /foː/
their (fem) |
| 3rd plural neut |
prec /preːk/
their (neut) |
Verbs
| Present |
No affix
el /el/
learn |
| Past |
Prefix di-
diel /ˈdiel/
learned |
| Remote past |
If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix de-
del /del/
learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
| Future |
Prefix i-
iel /ˈiel/
will learn |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Prisian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
| Perfect |
Prefix peː-
peel /ˈpeːel/
have learned |
Numbers
Prisian has a base-10 number system:
1 - pru
2 - coet
3 - pes
4 - pe
5 - cit
6 - pra
7 - ca
8 - ma
9 - dive
10 - pre
11 - pre vu pru “ten and one”
100 - pru hei “one hundred”
101 - pru hei pru “one hundred one”
200 - coet hei
1000 - pru bo “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ke-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix di-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix io-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix ni-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix di-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix he-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix ri-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix pui-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix mu-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mu-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix sau-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix wa-
Diminutive = Prefix o-
Augmentative = Prefix pi-
