Natively known as: Pisoe /ˈpisoɛ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ade sord quer lemi chuonro sen ade setutre quilme quer rala quiral ota
Pronunciation: /ad sɔʁ ke ˈlɛmi ˈʃwɔ̃ʁɔ sen ad ˈsɛtytʁ kilm ke ˈʁala ˈkiʁal ˈɔta/
Pisoen word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f j k l m n p s t v w z ɡ ɥ ɲ ʁ ʃ ʒ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Palato-alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
| Nasal |
m |
|
n |
|
ɲ |
|
|
| Stop |
p b |
|
t d |
|
|
k ɡ |
|
| Fricative |
|
f v |
s z |
ʃ ʒ |
|
|
ʁ |
| Approximant |
|
|
|
|
j |
|
|
| Lateral approximant |
|
|
l |
|
|
|
|
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labial-palatal |
Labial-velar |
| Approximant |
ɥ |
w |
Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø œ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɛ ɛ̃/
|
Front |
Back |
| High |
i y |
u |
| High-mid |
e ø |
o |
| Low-mid |
ɛ ɛ̃ œ |
ɔ ɔ̃ |
| Low |
a |
ɑ̃ |
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, bl, bw, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fl, fw, fʁ, fʁɥ, j, k, kl, kw, kɥ, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, nw, nɥ, p, pj, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sp, st, stʁ, sw, sɥ, t, tj, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, w, z, ɡ, ɡl, ɡʁ, ɥ, ʁ, ʁj, ʁw, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒw, ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bɥ, bʁ, bʒ, d, dbʁ, dj, dm, dɥ, dʁ, dʒ, f, fj, fl, fw, fʁ, j, k, kl, km, kn, ks, ksj, ksp, kspl, kt, ktɥ, ktʁ, kʁ, l, lj, lk, ll, lm, ls, lt, lv, lw, lɡʁ, lɥ, lʒ, m, md, mw, n, nd, nm, nɥ, p, pj, pl, plw, pm, psj, pt, pɥ, pʁ, s, sj, sk, sl, sm, sp, st, stj, stw, stʁ, stʁɥ, sɥ, t, tj, tm, tn, tw, tɥ, tʁ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vw, vʁ, z, zj, zn, zw, ɡ, ɡl, ɡm, ɡz, ɡʁ, ɲ, ʁ, ʁd, ʁdɥ, ʁf, ʁfw, ʁj, ʁk, ʁkw, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnj, ʁpʁ, ʁs, ʁsj, ʁsk, ʁsp, ʁsɥ, ʁt, ʁtj, ʁv, ʁw, ʁʃ, ʁʒ, ʃ, ʃt, ʒ, ʒj, ʒm
Word final consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fʁ, j, k, kl, ks, kst, kt, l, lk, lm, lʒ, m, n, nd, p, pl, pt, pʁ, s, sk, st, stʁ, t, tm, tʁ, v, vʁ, z, ɡ, ɲ, ʁ, ʁd, ʁdʁ, ʁk, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁs, ʁsk, ʁt, ʁv, ʁʃ, ʁʒ, ʃ, ʒ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- k → j / _s#
- d → Ø / V_V
- b → w / V_V
- n → m / #_
How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| e# |
e*4 | er |
| ksj |
cti |
| ks# |
xe |
| ks |
x |
| k# |
que |
| kt |
ct |
| sk |
squ |
| k |
c / !_{i,e,ɛ} |
| k |
qu |
| d# |
de |
| t# |
te |
| wi |
oui |
| wɛ̃ |
oin |
| jɛ̃ |
ien |
| ɛ̃ |
in |
| wɑ[aɑ] |
oi |
| ʒ |
g / _{i,e,ɛ} |
| ʒm |
gem |
| ɥ |
u |
| y |
u |
| j |
i |
| ʒ# |
ge |
| ʒ |
j |
| ɡ |
g |
| ʃ# |
che |
| ɲ |
gn |
| (CC)# |
1e |
| v# |
ve |
| ʃ |
ch |
| ʁ# |
r | rd | rt |
| ʁ |
r |
| ɔ̃# |
on | om |
| ɔ̃ |
on |
| ɔ |
o |
| ɑ̃ |
an |
| ɛ |
e |
| ø |
eu |
| œ |
eu |
| w |
u |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have two cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
| Nominative |
No affix
tristi /ˈtʁisti/
doɡ (doinɡ the verb) |
| Accusative |
Suffix -ik
tristiique /ˈtʁistiik/
(verb done to) doɡ |
| Singular |
No affix
tristi /ˈtʁisti/
doɡ |
| Plural |
Suffix -ed
tristiede /ˈtʁistied/
doɡs |
Articles
| Definite |
quer /kɛʁ/
the |
| Indefinite |
que /kɛ/
a, some |
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
| 1st singular |
can /kɑ̃/
I |
bage /baʒ/
me |
| 2nd singular |
pisque /pisk/
you (masc) |
u /u/
you |
| 3rd singular masc |
sord /sɔʁ/
he, it |
gird /ɡiʁ/
him, it |
| 3rd singular fem |
so /so/
she, it |
ra /ʁa/
her, it |
| 1st plural |
tril /tʁil/
we |
blom /blɔ̃/
us |
| 2nd plural |
buom /bwɔ̃/
you all |
si /si/
you all |
| 3rd plural |
per /pe/
they |
qui /ki/
them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
bas /bas/
my |
| 2nd singular |
can /kɑ̃/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
quer /ke/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
pler /ple/
her |
| 1st plural |
er /e/
our |
| 2nd plural |
an /ɑ̃/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural |
girt /ɡiʁ/
their |
Verbs
| Present |
No affix
chiche /ʃiʃ/
learn |
| Past |
Suffix -eʁ
chicher /ˈʃiʃeʁ/
learned |
| Future |
Suffix -el
chichel /ˈʃiʃel/
will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as
I am learning and habitual actions, such as
I learn (something new every day).
Pisoen uses an affix for imperfective:
| Imperfective |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd
Else: Suffix -ond
chichonde /ˈʃiʃond/
learns/is learninɡ |
Numbers
Pisoen has a base-10 number system:
1 - mio
2 - pez
3 - lem
4 - sam
5 - atote
6 - quert
7 - ri
8 - mone
9 - prus
10 - sto
11 - mio ade sto “one and ten”
100 - mio ridre “one hundred”
101 - mio ridre mio “one hundred one”
200 - pez ridre
1000 - mio sepantre “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɔ̃
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɛkst
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -st
Else: Suffix -ast
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -el
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -et
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -ɔl
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -as
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɑ̃
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -itʁ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -a
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -in
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ɛt
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -as
Comments