Denisova: a sentient species

Denisovan (/dɪˈniːsəvən/)

Sentient Species

A denisovan is a person who belongs to the sentient species Homo denisova, one of the three sentient species that inhabited the world from the start of the Pagsian Turning. The population of the denisova (plural) grew from about 30,000 to about 120,000 individuals during the golden age, and then declined due to the volcanic eruptions of Asosan and Mount Toba, reaching a low point of only 1,000 people at the end of the Ougrosian Turning. Despite some attempts at exploration and expansion, their population never fully recovered. The last surviving group of eventually joined with local human clans in Chang Jiang Pingyuan, and genetic mingling over time caused the denisova as a species to fade out of existence by 11,870 BP.  

Geographic Extent

Denisova originated in Asia, spread across Chang Jiang Pingyuan, Indus, and Zomia. The climate deterioration during the Recosian Turning made Zomia nearly uninhabitable, isolating the southern denisova in Indus from the the eastern denisova in Chang Jiang Pingyuan and Altai. The Asosan volcanic eruption in 89,000 BP decimated their population in Chang Jiang Pingyuan and forced the survivors to migrate west into Altai. Later in 73,000 BP the Toba eruption wiped out the southern denisova in Indus. As a result, by the start of the Ougrosian Turning the denisova had been reduced to a small collection of clans in Altai. Subsequent attempts to migrate southward into Sunda and eastward back into Chang Jiang Pingyuan were met with extraordinarily bad luck, although they did establish a culture in Sunda that coexisted alongside humans for several millennia before dying out. Eventually, even the denisova remaining in Altai disappeared due to contact with humans.  

Physiology

Denisova generally had nearly black eyes and hair, with red-brown skin that ranged anywhere from russet to umber. On average they tended to be slightly taller than humans and much taller than neanders. Their faces were wider, with a rounder face-shape but a flatter (less protruding) nose and eyebrow ridge than both humans and neanders. They had long, nimble fingers that contributed to their expertise with and reliance on tools made by weaving reeds or carving wood and bone.  

Lifestyle

The first denisova shared a simple and relatively uniform Awari culture. They were nomadic and wandered primarily in tight-knit family groups of only ten to twenty people. However, unlike the humans and neanders, the denisova were extremely social. Individuals would regularly separate from their own clan and set out to find other nearby clans, trade with them, and bring back both goods and knowledge. They were basketweaving and woodworking people, creating tools made of anything from bamboo to hardwood from deciduous trees, which then become important items for trade when they visited neighboring clans in the area. Every item they traded was simultaneously a functional tool and symbolic of their connection to another groups of denisova.1   The very social nature of Awari culture led to them being very accepting, usually inviting interaction when they met people of other species. This didn't always work to their benefit: neanders were so naturally reclusive that they shunned the advances of denisova, while humans were opportunistic in a way that usually led to denisovan culture being completely absorbed into whatever human culture they came into contact with.  

Decline and Extinction

After the Asosan and Toba disasters, denisovan attempts to explore outside of Altai and establish new cultures were ill-fated. The Tianyuan denisova settled in the lowlying Nihonkai basin, only for it to flood during the First Tādhēskō. The Bougain denisova intermingled with and eventually were absorbed by the Apo Duat humans in Sunda during the Srīgosian Turning. Finally, although the denisovan attempt to form a cooperative mixed culture with humans in Chang Jiang Pingyuan during the Second Tādhēskō led to an incredibly successful mixed human-denisovan Nanzhuangtou culture, genetic mingling over time caused the denisova as a species to fade out of existence,2 marking the final extinction of the denisova from the world.
EXTINCT
Scientific Name
Homo denisova
Average Height
2.0—2.2 meters
Average Weight
85—100 kilograms
Geographic Origin
Date of Extinction
11,870 BP
denisovan-cover.jpg
Sentient Species List

Footnotes

1. Whether or not the symbolic behaviors of the denisova should be described as language per se is debated by linguists, but a core capacity for symbolic behavior was shared among all three sentient species and probably began with their common ancestor (Barham & Everett, 2021). What differentiated denisova and humans in this matter was the focus and development of the symbolic activity: whereas humans primarily used symbolic action to plan and coordinate future activities, denisova primarily used symbolic behavior to communicate social relationships, status, and craftmaking skills. This is in part why human communication focused so heavily on meaning-bearing sounds, whereas denisovan communication was often embodied by the ritualized carving, engraving, and craft items (see, e.g., Li, Doyon, et al., 2019; D'Errico, Villa, et al., 2016).   2. Recent genetic investigations support the view that the final disappearance of the denisova in Chang Jiang Pingyuan was caused by them interbreeding themselves "out of existence" in the shared Nanzhuangtou culture they developed with humans (see Massilani, Skov, Hajdinjak, et al., 2020). These same studies also show that the population of denisova that interbred with humans in Chang Jiang Pingyuan (Bah̃iži denisova) were genetically distinct from the population that mingled with humans in Oceania (Bougain denisova).
Selected Readings
Barham, L., & Everett, D. L. (2021). Semiotics and the Origin of Language in the Lower Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 28, 535-579.   D'Errico, F., Villa, P., Degano, I., Lucejko, J., Colombini, M., & Beaumont, P. (2016). The ‘to be or not to be’ of archaeological enquiry. Antiquity, 90(352), 1079-1082.   Jacobs, Z., Li, B., Shunkov, M.V. et al. (2019). Timing of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. Nature 565, 594–599.   Li, Z., Doyon, L., et al. (2019). Engraved bones from the archaic hominin site of Lingjing, Henan Province. Antiquity, 93(370), pp. 886-900.   Massilani, D., Skov, L., Hajdinjak, M., et al. (2020). Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians. Science, 29.

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