Daradghasian
Natively known as: daradghas /dæˈradɣæs/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...ni diddmi eg e in dyala ni urigh in lleye ḥua tmughle deuua
Pronunciation: /ni ˈdiddmi əg ə in ˈdjælæ ni wriɣ in ˈlləjə ħwæ tmwɣle ˈdəwwæ/
Daradghasian word order: and stood he holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d dˤ d͡ʒ f g h j k l m n p q r s sˤ t tˤ t͡ʃ w z zˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʒ ʕ χ| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Stop | b p | t d tˤ dˤ | k g | q | |||||
| Affricate | d͡ʒ t͡ʃ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f | s zˤ z sˤ | ʃ ʒ | ɣ | χ | ħ ʕ | h | ||
| Approximant | j | ||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| High-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Near-low | æ | ||
| Low | a |
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ? Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| æ | a |
| ɡʷ | g |
| ɡ | g |
| dˤ | ḍ |
| ə | e |
| ħ | ḥ |
| χ | kh |
| j | y |
| d͡ʒ | dj |
| ʒ | j |
| w | u |
| rˤ | ṛ |
| ɣ | gh |
| sˤ | ṣ |
| t͡ʃ | ch |
| ʃ | c |
| tˤ | ṭ |
| zˤ | ẓ |
Grammar
Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened mary the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
Nouns
Nouns have seven cases:- Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
- Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man is in town.
- Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
- Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
| Ergative | Suffix -in lḥintin /ˈlħintin/ dog (doing a transitive verb) |
| Absolutive | Suffix -əq lḥinteq /ˈlħintəq/ dog (doing an intransitive verb) |
| Genitive | Suffix -æ lḥinta /ˈlħintæ/ dogʼs |
| Dative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -is lḥintis /ˈlħintis/ to dog |
| Locative | Suffix -ən lḥinten /ˈlħintən/ near/at/by dog |
| Ablative | Suffix -itt lḥintitt /ˈlħintitt/ from dog |
| Instrumental | Suffix -æd lḥintad /ˈlħintæd/ with/using dog |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Definite | If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -æf lḥintaf /ˈlħintæf/ the dog | Suffix -i lḥinti /ˈlħinti/ the dogs |
| Indefinite | Suffix -æ lḥinta /ˈlħintæ/ a dog | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -in lḥintin /ˈlħintin/ some dogs |
Articles
Daradghasian encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.Pronouns
| Ergative | Absolutive | Genitive | Dative | Locative | Ablative | Instrumental | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | e /ə/ I | ni /ni/ me | ḥa /ħæ/ mine | te /tə/ to me | uuguri /wwgwri/ to me | nagh /næɣ/ from me | a /æ/ with/using me |
| 2nd singular | en /ən/ you | ta /tæ/ you | ne /nə/ yours | ufigh /wfiɣ/ to you | sint /sint/ to you | digh /diɣ/ from you | kran /kræn/ with/using you |
| 3rd singular masc | eg /əg/ he, it (masc) | did /did/ his, it (masc) | ugi /wgi/ his, its (masc) | ṣṣfi /sˤsˤfi/ to his, to it (masc) | dad /dæd/ to his, to it (masc) | ghaṭ /ɣætˤ/ from his, from it (masc) | igh /iɣ/ with/using his, with/using it (masc) |
| 3rd singular fem | ye /jə/ she, it (fem) | ki /ki/ her, it (fem) | uremy /wrəmj/ hers, its (fem) | yin /jin/ to her, to it (fem) | yer /jər/ to her, to it (fem) | teg /təg/ from her, from it (fem) | ttqa /ttqæ/ with/using her, with/using it (fem) |
| 1st plural inclusive | yuge /jwgə/ we (including you) | ttes /ttəs/ us (including you) | dagh /daɣ/ ours (including you) | si /si/ to us (including you) | ẓra /zˤræ/ to us (including you) | yel /jəl/ from us (including you) | ttqi /ttqi/ with/using us (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive | ya /jæ/ we (excluding you) | ti /ti/ us (excluding you) | lli /lli/ ours (excluding you) | dyey /djəj/ to us (excluding you) | kagh /kæɣ/ to us (excluding you) | ugau /wgæw/ from us (excluding you) | nint /nint/ with/using us (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural | yigh /jiɣ/ you all | tẓatt /tzˤætt/ you all | migh /miɣ/ yours (pl) | tir /tir/ to you all | an /æn/ to you all | ttssi /ttssi/ from you all | sna /snæ/ with/using you all |
| 3rd plural | lma /lmæ/ they | cue /ʃwə/ them | kau /kæw/ theirs | ẓregh /zˤrəɣ/ to them | sig /sig/ to them | ue /wə/ from them | uri /wri/ with/using them |
Possessive determiners
| Possessive | |
|---|---|
| 1st singular | ula /wlæ/ my |
| 2nd singular | do /do/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | in /in/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | e /ə/ her |
| 1st plural inclusive | bi /bi/ our (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive | ti /ti/ our (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural | a /æ/ your (pl) |
| 3rd plural | ure /wrə/ their |
Verbs
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | Suffix -ən sarkien /særˈkiən/ (I/you/he/she/it) learn(s) | If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -if sarkif /ˈsærkif/ (we/you all/they) learn |
| Past | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ən sarkin /ˈsærkin/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned | If ends with vowel: Suffix -rə Else: Suffix -ærə sarkire /særˈkirə/ (we/you all/they) learned |
| Future | Suffix -il sarkiil /særˈkiil/ (I/you/he/she/it) will learn | Suffix -əɣ sarkiegh /særˈkiəɣ/ (we/you all/they) will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).Daradghasian uses an affix for imperfective:
| Imperfective | Suffix -i sarkii /særˈkii/ learn |
Numbers
Daradghasian has a base-12 number system: 1 - yil2 - ua
3 - agh
4 - sli
5 - tgheu
6 - yar
7 - tsfel
8 - dil
9 - tamid
10 - i
11 - takrighd
12 - da
144 - umannem
1728 - aremnne
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nkksəElse: Suffix -ænkksə
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -in
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -æ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -æ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -æ
Noun to verb = Suffix -ə
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z
Else: Suffix -əz
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɣd
Else: Suffix -æɣd
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ən
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -æ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -æɣ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -it
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -əd
Augmentative = Suffix -i
Great choice of sounds - I love the examples you made for this :D
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Thank you! And for the faves and follow and comment on Yisski! XD There are a *lot* more languages coming 0_0 just under 240 when all said and done. They're the end result of about 3 months worth of research into real world languages and fidling around learning how Vulgarlang works. I missed pretty much all of summer camp because I was too busy working on this aspect of the story and I knew if I paused to work on anything else I'd never get back to it properly XD.