Simekian
Consonants:
Arabic has a rich consonantal system with emphatic (pharyngealized) sounds that change the articulation of neighboring sounds.
Stops: /p, t, k/ (voiceless), /b, d, ɡ/ (voiced), and emphatic stops like /tˤ, dˤ, sˤ/ (pharyngealized versions of /t, d, s/).
Fricatives: /f, s, ʃ, x, h, ʕ, ħ/ (with /ħ/ being a pharyngeal fricative).
Affricates: /tʃ/ (as in "ch") and /dʒ/ (as in "j").
Nasals: /m, n, ŋ/ (nasals), with /ŋ/ occurring in some dialects (especially in the "ng" sound).
Liquids: /l, r/ (the "r" is rolled, and /l/ is pronounced clearly).
Glides: /w, j/ (semi-vowels).
Vowels:
Short vowels: Arabic has three short vowels /a, i, u/ which can change the meaning of a word.
Long vowels: Arabic also has long vowels: /aː, iː, uː/ (long versions of the short vowels).
Arabic vowel length is phonemic, so the length of the vowel can change word meanings.
Phonotactics: Arabic has a relatively complex system of consonant clusters, especially in the middle of words. Syllables typically follow a (C)V(C) structure, but the language also uses root-and-pattern morphology, where consonants are placed in a particular pattern to form word meanings.
Stress: Stress in Arabic generally falls on the penultimate syllable in most words, though it can shift depending on the word's structure and whether it has an accent. Stress also plays a role in distinguishing between nouns and verbs in some dialects.
Consonants:
Stops: Sindhi has a variety of stops, including both voiceless and voiced stops: /p, t, k/ (voiceless), and /b, d, ɡ/ (voiced). It also has aspirated stops: /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (aspirated forms of the voiceless stops).
Affricates: Sindhi includes both palatal and retroflex affricates like /tʃ/ (as in "ch") and /dʒ/ (as in "j").
Fricatives: Voiceless /f, s, ʃ/ (like in "sh"), and voiced /v, z, ʒ/ (like in "measure").
Nasals: /m, n, ɳ, ɲ, ŋ/ (nasals, including retroflex, palatal, and velar nasals).
Liquids: /l, r/ (where the "r" is a trilled or rolled "r" in some dialects).
Glides: /w, j/ (semi-vowels).
Vowels:
Sindhi has a relatively large vowel system:
Short vowels: /i, e, a, o, u/
Long vowels: /iː, eː, aː, oː, uː/
Diphthongs: Sindhi has diphthongs such as /ai, ei, au, ou/.
Phonotactics: Sindhi has a relatively simple CV(C) structure, but it can allow complex clusters, especially in the initial position (e.g., "str," "spr").
Tone: Sindhi is not a tonal language, but it has stress on certain syllables, which can influence meaning in some cases.
Stress: Stress tends to fall on the first syllable of the word, but in compound words, the stress pattern may vary.
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