Common Rexan

Common Rexan, often refered to as "Common," was the colloquial form of the Rexan language as it was spoken during the latter period of the Rexan Empire. It served as lingua franca within western Ione and Aerisca Borealis as it was the shared tongue of the many nations that have arose after the fall of the Empire, including Rhenia, the Eknon Empire, the Aeriscan League.

Writing System

Common Rexan uses the Rexan alphabet as its writing system.

Geographical Distribution

Common Rexan is spoken throughout the territories of the former Rexan Empire, which occupied the majority of Ione and Aerisca Borealis, as well as beyond.

Phonology

• Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k kʷ l m n p r s t β
• Vowel inventory: a au̯ e i o u ɔ ɛ ɪ ʊ
• Diphthongs: au̯
• Syllable structure: (C)(C)(C)V(C)
• Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
• Word initial consonants: b br d f fl fr g gl gr j k kl kr kʷ l m n p pl pr r s sk sp st t tr β
• Mid-word consonants: b bl br bs bt d dd dkʷ dm dβ f ff g gg gm gn gr h j k kk kkʷ kr ks ksk ksp kspl kssp kst kstr kt kʷ l lg lk ll ln lp ls lt ltr lβ m mb mkʷ mm mn mp mpl mpr mβ n nd nf nfl nfr ng ngr nk nkl nkr nkʷ nl nn ns nskr nsp nst nstr nt ntr nβ p pl pp ppl ppr pr ps pt r rb rd rf rg rk rkʷ rm rn rp rr rs rsp rt rβ s sd sk skʷ sm sp ss st stkʷ str t tkʷ tr ts tt ttr β
• Word final consonants: b d k ks l m n nk ns nt ps r rs s st t

Sound changes (in order of application):

• kʷ → k / {u,ʊ,o,ɔ}_
• n → ∅ / _[+fricative]
• nkt → ŋt
• ks → s / _#
• ks → s / C_
• ks → s / _C
• b → β / V_V
• d → ð / V_V
• g → ɣ / V_V
• gn → ɣn
• j → ɟ / #_
• j → ɟ / V_V
• [ɛ -stress] → e
• [ɔ -stress] → o
• [e +stress] → eː
• [a +stress] → aː
• [i +stress] → iː
• [u +stress] → uː
• [o +stress] → oː
• [ɛ +stress] → ɛː
• [ɔ +stress] → ɔː
• i → j / C_V
• u → w / C_V
• w → β / !k_
• kj → c
• nj → ɲ
• lj → ʎ
• tj → ʦʲ
• ll → ɭɭ

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kʷ	qu
ks	x
k	c
β	v
j	i / !#_
ŋ	ng
gʷ	gu
ŋʷ	ngu
ɛ	é
ɪ	í
ʊ	ú
ɔ	ó
ː
̯

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Declensions I and II

Masculine

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix filiús /ˈfiljʊs/	Change all ʊs to i /_# filii /ˈfilji/
Accusative	Change all ʊs to u /_# filiu /ˈfilju/	Change all ʊs to os /_# filios /ˈfiljos/
Genitive	Change all ʊs to o /_# filio /ˈfiljo/	Change all ʊs to ɔru /_# filiis /fiˈljis/

Feminine

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix femína /feˈmɪna/	Change all a to e /_# femínas /feˈmɪnas/
Accusative	No affix femína /feˈmɪna/	Change all a to as /_# femínas /feˈmɪnas/
Genitive	Change all a to e /_# femíne /feˈmɪne/	Change all a to ɔru /_# femínis /ˌfemɪˈnis/

Declension III

Masculine

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix patre /ˈpatre/	Change all e to i /_# patri /ˈpatri/
Accusative	No affix patre /ˈpatre/	Suffix -s patres /ˈpatres/
Genitive	Change all e to i /_# patri /ˈpatri/	Change all e to ɔru /_# patróru /paˈtrɔru/

Feminine

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix matre /ˈmatre/	Suffix -s matres /ˈmatres/
Accusative	No affix matre /ˈmatre/	Suffix -s matres /ˈmatres/
Genitive	Change all e to i /_# matri /ˈmatri/	Change all e to ɔru /_# matróru /maˈtrɔru/

Articles

	Masculine definite	Feminine definite	Masculine indefinite	Feminine indefinite
Singular	le /le/ the	la /la/ the	unu /ˈunu/ a	una /ˈuna/ a
Plural	li /li/ the	las /las/ the	da /da/ some	da /da/ some

Determiners

	Masculine	Feminine
1st singular	mu /mu/ my (masc.)	ma /ma/ my (fem.)
2nd singular	tu /tu/ your (masc.)	ta /ta/ your (fem.)
3rd singular	su /su/ his	sa /sa/ her
1st plural	nós /nɔs/ our (masc.)	nós /nɔs/ our (pl. fem.)
2nd plural	vós /vɔs/ your (pl. masc.)	vós /vɔs/ your (pl. fem.)
3rd plural	lis /lis/ their (pl. masc.)	lis /lis/ their(pl. fem.)

Pronouns

Personal

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular masculine	3rd singular feminine	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural masculine	3rd plural feminine
Nominative	égo /ˈɛgo/ [ˈɛɣo] I	tú /tʊ/ you (sing.)	ílle /ˈɪlle/ he	ílla /ˈɪlla/ she	nós /nɔs/ we	vós /βɔs/ you (pl.)	ílle /ˈɪlle/ they (masc.)	ílle /ˈɪlle/ they (fem.)
Accusative	mé /mɛ/ me	té /tɛ/ you (sing.)	íllu /ˈɪllu/ him	ílla /ˈɪlla/ her	nós /nɔs/ us	vós /βɔs/ you (pl.)	íllos /ˈɪllos/ them (masc.)	íllas /ˈɪllas/ them (fem.)
Genitive	mí /mɪ/ mine	tí /tɪ/ yours	ílli /ˈɪlli/ his	ílli /ˈɪlli/ hers	nóvís /ˈnɔβɪs/ ours	vóvís /ˈβɔβɪs/ yours (pl.)	íllis /ˈɪllis/ theirs (masc.)	íllis /ˈɪllis/ theirs (fem.)

Relative and Interrogative

Nominative	qui /kʷi/ who/which/what/that
Accusative	quén /kʷɛn/ whom/which/what/that
Genitive	cui /ˈkui/ [kwi] whose

Verbs

Conjugation I

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Present	Change all are to o /_# sto /sto/ I stand	Change all are to as /_# stas /stas/ you stand	Change all are to at /_# stat /stat/ he/she/it stands	Change all are to amos /_# stamos /ˈstamos/ we stand	Change all are to ates /_# states /ˈstates/ you stand	Change all are to ant /_# stant /stant/ they stand
Imperfect	Change all are to aβa /_# stava /ˈstaβa/ I was standing	Change all are to aβas /_# stavas /ˈstaβas/ you were standing	Change all are to aβat /_# stavat /ˈstaβat/ he/she/it was standing	Change all are to aβamos /_# stavamos /staˈβamos/ we were standing	Change all are to aβates /_# stavates /staˈβates/ you were standing	Change all are to aβant /_# stavant /ˈstaβant/ they were standing
Preterite	Change all are to au̯i /_# staui /ˈstau̯i/ I stood	Change all are to au̯sti /_# stausti /ˈstau̯sti/ you stood	Change all are to au̯t /_# staut /stau̯t/ he/she/it stood	Change all are to amos /_# stamos /ˈstamos/ we stood	Change all are to astes /_# stastes /ˈstastes/ you stood	Change all are to aront /_# staront /ˈstaront/ they stood
Pluperfect	Change all are to ara /_# stara /ˈstara/ I had stood	Change all are to aras /_# staras /ˈstaras/ you had stood	Change all are to arat /_# starat /ˈstarat/ he/she/it had stood	Change all are to aramos /_# staramos /staˈramos/ we had stood	Change all are to arates /_# starates /staˈrates/ you had stood	Change all are to arant /_# starant /ˈstarant/ they had stood
Future perfect	Change all are to aro /_# staro /ˈstaro/ I will have stood	Change all are to ares /_# stares /ˈstares/ you will have stood	Change all are to aret /_# staret /ˈstaret/ he/she/it will have stood	Change all are to aremos /_# staremos /staˈremos/ we will have stood	Change all are to aretes /_# staretes /staˈretes/ you will have stood	Change all are to arent /_# starent /ˈstarent/ they will have stood

Conjugation II

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Present	Change all ere to o /_# disco /ˈdisko/ I learn	Change all ere to es /_# disces /ˈdiskes/ you learn	Change all ere to et /_# discet /ˈdisket/ he/she/it learns	Change all ere to ɛmos /_# discémos /disˈkɛmos/ we learn	Change all ere to ɛtes /_# discétes /disˈkɛtes/ you learn	Change all ere to ent /_# discent /ˈdiskent/ they learn
Imperfect	Change all ere to ɛβa /_# discéva /disˈkɛβa/ I was learning	Change all ere to ɛβas /_# discévas /disˈkɛβas/ you were learning	Change all ere to ɛβat /_# discévat /disˈkɛβat/ he/she/it was learning	Change all ere to ɛβamos /_# discévamos /ˌdiskɛˈβamos/ [ˌdiskeˈβamos] we were learning	Change all ere to ɛβates /_# discévates /ˌdiskɛˈβates/ [ˌdiskeˈβates] you were learning	Change all ere to ɛβant /_# discévant /disˈkɛβant/ they were learning
Preterite	Change all ere to ɪ /_# discí /ˈdiskɪ/ I learnt	Change all ere to ɪsti /_# discísti /disˈkɪsti/ you learnt	Change all ere to ɛt /_# discét /ˈdiskɛt/ [ˈdisket] he/she/it learnt	Change all ere to ɛmos /_# discémos /disˈkɛmos/ we learnt	Change all ere to ɛstes /_# discéstes /disˈkɛstes/ you learnt	Change all ere to ɛront /_# discéront /disˈkɛront/ they learnt
Pluperfect	Change all ere to ɛra /_# discéra /disˈkɛra/ I had learnt	Change all ere to ɛras /_# discéras /disˈkɛras/ you had learnt	Change all ere to ɛrat /_# discérat /disˈkɛrat/ he/she/it had learnt	Change all ere to ɛramos /_# discéramos /ˌdiskɛˈramos/ [ˌdiskeˈramos] we had learnt	Change all ere to ɛrates /_# discérates /ˌdiskɛˈrates/ [ˌdiskeˈrates] you had learnt	Change all ere to ɛrant /_# discérant /disˈkɛrant/ they had learnt
Future perfect	Change all ere to ɛro /_# discéro /disˈkɛro/ I will have learnt	Change all ere to ɛres /_# discéres /disˈkɛres/ you will have learnt	Change all ere to ɛret /_# discéret /disˈkɛret/ he/she/it will have learnt	Change all ere to ɛremos /_# discéremos /ˌdiskɛˈremos/ [ˌdiskeˈremos] we will have learnt	Change all ere to ɛretes /_# discéretes /ˌdiskɛˈretes/ [ˌdiskeˈretes] you will have learnt	Change all ere to ɛrent /_# discérent /disˈkɛrent/ they will have learnt

Conjugation III

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Present	Change all ɪre to jo /_# vídio /ˈβɪdjo/ I see	Change all ɪre to is /_# vídis /ˈβɪdis/ [ˈβɪðis] you see	Change all ɪre to it /_# vídit /ˈβɪdit/ [ˈβɪðit] he/she/it sees	Change all ɪre to ɪmos /_# vídímos /βɪˈdɪmos/ [βɪˈðɪmos] we see	Change all ɪre to ɪtes /_# vídítes /βɪˈdɪtes/ [βɪˈðɪtes] you see	Change all ɪre to iont /_# vídiont /βɪˈdiont/ [ˈβɪðjont] they see
Imperfect	Change all ɪre to jɛβa /_# vídiéva /βɪˈdjɛβa/ I was seeing	Change all ɪre to iɛβas /_# vídiévas /ˌβɪdiˈɛβas/ [βɪˈðjɛβas] you were seeing	Change all ɪre to iɛβat /_# vídiévat /ˌβɪdiˈɛβat/ [βɪˈðjɛβat] he/she/it was seeing	Change all ɪre to iɛβamos /_# vídiévamos /βɪˌdiɛˈβamos/ [ˌβɪðjeˈβamos] we were seeing	Change all ɪre to iɛβates /_# vídiévates /βɪˌdiɛˈβates/ [ˌβɪðjeˈβates] you were seeing	Change all ɪre to iɛβant /_# vídiévant /ˌβɪdiˈɛβant/ [βɪˈðjɛβant] they were seeing
Preterite	Change all ɪre to i /_# vídi /ˈβɪdi/ [ˈβɪði] I saw	Change all ɪre to ɪsti /_# vídísti /βɪˈdɪsti/ [βɪˈðɪsti] you saw	Change all ɪre to it /_# vídit /ˈβɪdit/ [ˈβɪðit] he/she/it saw	Change all ɪre to ɪmos /_# vídímos /βɪˈdɪmos/ [βɪˈðɪmos] we saw	Change all ɪre to ɪstes /_# vídístes /βɪˈdɪstes/ [βɪˈðɪstes] you saw	Change all ɪre to ɪront /_# vídíront /βɪˈdɪront/ [βɪˈðɪront] they saw
Pluperfect	Change all ɪre to ɪra /_# vídíra /βɪˈdɪra/ [βɪˈðɪra] I had seen	Change all ɪre to ɪras /_# vídíras /βɪˈdɪras/ [βɪˈðɪras] you had seen	Change all ɪre to ɪrat /_# vídírat /βɪˈdɪrat/ [βɪˈðɪrat] he/she/it had seen	Change all ɪre to ɪramos /_# vídíramos /ˌβɪdɪˈramos/ [ˌβɪðɪˈramos] we had seen	Change all ɪre to ɪrates /_# vídírates /ˌβɪdɪˈrates/ [ˌβɪðɪˈrates] you had seen	Change all ɪre to ɪrant /_# vídírant /βɪˈdɪrant/ [βɪˈðɪrant] they had seen
Future perfect	Change all ɪre to ɪro /_# vídíro /βɪˈdɪro/ [βɪˈðɪro] I will have seen	Change all ɪre to ɪres /_# vídíres /βɪˈdɪres/ [βɪˈðɪres] you will have seen	Change all ɪre to ɪret /_# vídíret /βɪˈdɪret/ [βɪˈðɪret] he/she/it will have seen	Change all ɪre to ɪremos /_# vídíremos /ˌβɪdɪˈremos/ [ˌβɪðɪˈremos] we will have seen	Change all ɪre to ɪretes /_# vídíretes /ˌβɪdɪˈretes/ [ˌβɪðɪˈretes] you will have seen	Change all ɪre to ɪrent /_# vídírent /βɪˈdɪrent/ [βɪˈðɪrent] they will have seen

Verb 'To be'

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Present	sú /sʊ/ I am	és /ɛs/ you are	ét /ɛt/ he/she/it is	sús /sʊs/ we are	éstis /ˈɛstis/ you are	sút /sʊt/ they are
Imperfect	éram /ˈɛram/ I was being	éras /ˈɛras/ you were being	érat /ˈɛrat/ he/she/it were being	éramus /ɛˈramus/ [eˈramus] we were being	ératis /ɛˈratis/ [eˈratis] you were being	érant /ˈɛrant/ they were being
Preterite	fu /fu/ I was	fusti /ˈfusti/ you were	fut /fut/ he/she/it was	fumus /ˈfumus/ we were	fistis /ˈfistis/ you were	ferunt /ˈferunt/ they were
Pluperfect	féram /ˈfɛram/ I had been	féras /ˈfɛras/ you had been	férat /ˈfɛrat/ he/she/it had been	féramus /fɛˈramus/ [feˈramus] we had been	fératis /fɛˈratis/ [feˈratis] you had been	férant /ˈfɛrant/ they had been
Future perfect	fuéro /fuˈɛro/ [ˈfβɛro] I will have been	im /im/ you will have been	férit /ˈfɛrit/ he/she/it will have been	férimus /fɛˈrimus/ [feˈrimus] we will have been	féritis /fɛˈritis/ [feˈritis] you will have been	férint /ˈfɛrint/ they will have been

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Suffix -tɛr Else: Suffix -itɛr Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -ia Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = No affix Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Suffix -jʊs Else: Suffix -iʊs Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Suffix -kʊs Else: Suffix -ikʊs Noun to verb = No affix Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = No affix Tending to = If starts with vowel: Suffix -idʊs Else: Suffix -dʊs Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Change all re to undus /_# Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = No affix One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Suffix -tor Else: Suffix -ator Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Suffix -ria Else: Suffix -eria Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Suffix -lus Else: Suffix -ulus Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Suffix -ne Else: Suffix -one

Syntax

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Vocabulary

Numbers

Common Rexan has a base-10 number system: 1 - unús 2 - do 3 - trís 4 - quatór 5 - quingé 6 - séc 7 - sét 8 - óct 9 - nove 10 - déc 11 - déc et unu “ten and one” 100 - unu cent “one hundred” 101 - unu cent et unu “one hundred and one” 200 - do cent “two hundred” 1000 - unu millé “one thousand”

Phonetics

Consonants

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d		k kʷ g
Fricative	β	f	s			h
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a

Tenses

Common Rexan has a tense-aspect system of five verb forms: Present, Imperfect, Preterite, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. The Future Indicative tense is constructed periphrastically by use of the infinitve + abere ('to have') congujated for person and number; thus, Dimane íllos óccúrrere ambio. ('I will meet them tomorrow.')

Natively known as: Rexana Vulgare /rekˈsana βulˈgare/

Example Text

Óvinús, ci lané non avid, cavallis vidéd; unús carró grave tragente, unús ónéri magnó pórtante, é unús umanó pórtante rapídamente. Sum óvinús cavallis dicéd: Ma coratsia a m'affligéd, vidente umano cavalícavat. Sus cavalli dicérund: Auscúlta, Óvinó! Nos coratsias a nostro affligand vidente umanús, sum segnore, lané d'óvinó ín vesti caldo por isu téxéd, é sum óvinús lané non avid. Auscúltato, sum óvinús in égro fúgéd.

Translation

A sheep that had no wool saw horses; one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Pronunciation

/ɔˈβiːnʊs ki ˈlaːnɛ non aβid kaˈβallis βɪˈdɛd ˈuːnʊs ˈkarrɔ graβe tragente ˈuːnʊs ɔnɛri mangnɔ pɔrtante, ɛ ˈuːnʊs umanɔ pɔrtante rapɪdamente suːm ɔˈβiːnʊs kaˈβallis dikɛd ma koratsʲa a maffligɛd βɪdente umanɔ kaˈβalɪkaβat su:s kaˈβalli dikɛrund au̯sˈkʊlta ɔˈβiːnɔ nos koratsʲas a nostro affligand βɪdente umanʊs suːm seˈɲore ˈlaːnɛ dɔˈβiːnɔ in βesti kaldo por isu tɛk͡sɛd ɛ suːm ɔˈβiːnʊs non ˈlaːnɛ aβid au̯sˈkʊltato suːm ɔˈβiːnʊs in ɛrgo fʊgɛd/

Common Rexan word order

Sheep, who wool not had, horses saw; One wagon heavy dragging, one load heavy carrying, one human bearing rapidly. The sheep horses said: My heart to me pains, seeing man lead horses. The horses said: Listen, sheep! Our hearts to us pains seeing man, the master, wool of sheep into garment warm weave for him, and sheep wool not have. Having heard, the sheep into field fled.

Successor Languages

• Aeriscan

Spoken by

• Rexan

Common Female Names

Coratsia