Pundid (ˈpundid)
Official state language of the Opal Empire.
tec o o ga id ca tec frafo io o rat deil dei
Pronunciation: /tek oː oː gaː id kaː tek ˈfrafo io̯ oː rat dei̯l dei̯/
Pundidian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: a ae̯ au̯ aː e ei̯ eu̯ eː i io̯ iu̯ iː o oe̯ oː u ui̯ uː
Diphthongs: ae̯ au̯ ei̯ eu̯ io̯ iu̯ oe̯ ui̯
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable Spelling rules:
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
Pundidian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
Pundidian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
2 - o
3 - nui
4 - scinc
5 - mas
6 - presca
7 - ma
8 - glisse
9 - lit
10 - so
Hundred - pi
Thousand - sem
Else: Suffix -ui̯t
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rs
Else: Suffix -oːrs
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -io̯k
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -io̯m
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ps
Else: Suffix -aps
Noun to verb = Suffix -uː
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lnae̯
Else: Suffix -oe̯lnae̯
Tending to = Suffix -u
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -st
Else: Suffix -ui̯st
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -eːnk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -iu̯st
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bsoe̯
Else: Suffix -ibsoe̯
Diminutive = Suffix -ars
Augmentative = Suffix -ui̯
Natively known as: pundid /ˈpundid/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...tec o o ga id ca tec frafo io o rat deil dei
Pronunciation: /tek oː oː gaː id kaː tek ˈfrafo io̯ oː rat dei̯l dei̯/
Pundidian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d f g h k kʷ l m n p r s t w Click IPA symbols for audio [img]↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||
Stop | p b | t d | k kʷ g | ||
Fricative | f | s | h | ||
Trill | r | ||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
High-mid | e eː | o oː |
Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable Spelling rules:
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
kʷ | qu |
ks | x |
k | c |
w | v |
ː | |
̯ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have two cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
Nominative | Accusative | |
---|---|---|
Singular | No affix upsi /ˈupsi/ dog (when doing the verb) | Suffix -is upsiis /ˈupsiis/ (verb done to) dog |
Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ui̯n upsin /ˈupsin/ dogs (when doing the verb) | Suffix -ui̯ upsiui /ˈupsiui̯/ (verb done to) dogs |
Articles
Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|
Singular | vu /wu/ the | bru /bruː/ a |
Plural | scen /skeːn/ the | mei /mei̯/ some |
- Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
- Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
- Used for languages: ‘The English’
- Used with place names: ‘The London’
- Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | |
---|---|---|
1st singular | o /o/ I | pi /pi/ me |
2nd singular | vist /wist/ you | ae /ae̯/ you |
3rd singular masc | o /oː/ he, it | pluis /plui̯s/ him, it |
3rd singular fem | spil /spil/ she, it | pis /pis/ her, it |
1st plural inclusive | ceuns /keu̯ns/ we (including you) | glix /gliːks/ us (including you) |
1st plural exclusive | fli /fli/ we (excluding you) | laec /lae̯k/ us (excluding you) |
2nd plural | pui /pui̯/ you all | eu /eu̯/ you all |
3rd plural | cost /koːst/ they | ax /aks/ them |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | o /o/ my |
2nd singular | vist /wist/ your |
3rd singular masc | o /oː/ his |
3rd singular fem | spil /spil/ her |
1st plural inclusive | ceuns /keu̯ns/ our (including you) |
1st plural exclusive | fli /fli/ our (excluding you) |
2nd plural | pui /pui̯/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | cost /koːst/ their |
Verbs
1st person | Suffix -aːrs griars /ˈgriaːrs/ (I/we) learn/learned/will learn |
2nd person | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ddoː Else: Suffix -uddoː griddo /ˈgriddoː/ (you) learn/learned/will learn |
3rd person | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -uːs gris /gris/ (he/she/it/they) learn/learned/will learn |
Past | Particle before the verb: pim - pim gri /pim gri/ learned |
Future | Particle before the verb: eu̯ - eu gri /eu̯ gri/ will learn |
Numbers
Pundidian has a base-10 number system: 1 - tu2 - o
3 - nui
4 - scinc
5 - mas
6 - presca
7 - ma
8 - glisse
9 - lit
10 - so
Hundred - pi
Thousand - sem
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tElse: Suffix -ui̯t
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rs
Else: Suffix -oːrs
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -io̯k
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -io̯m
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ps
Else: Suffix -aps
Noun to verb = Suffix -uː
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lnae̯
Else: Suffix -oe̯lnae̯
Tending to = Suffix -u
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -st
Else: Suffix -ui̯st
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -eːnk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -iu̯st
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bsoe̯
Else: Suffix -ibsoe̯
Diminutive = Suffix -ars
Augmentative = Suffix -ui̯
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