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Timeredrhu

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 100K / #65   SPOKEN IN: Arlos - 100K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: nda cú dlag wurv cú vrós nda dév cú lirv dthumh fi frórv   Pronunciation: nda kuː dləig wʊrv kuː vroːs nda deːv kuː lɪrv dhʊvˠ fɪ froːrv     Timeredrhu word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h k l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pˠ r s sˠ t tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x z ŋ ɟ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalm mʲ mˠn̪ˠn nʲɲŋ
Stopp pˠ b bˠt̪ˠ d̪ˠt tʲ d dʲc ɟk g
Fricativef fʲ fˠ v vˠ vʲs sˠ zʃxh
Tapɾˠ ɾʲ
Trillr
Lateral approximantl lʲ
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velarVelarized alveolar
Approximantw
Lateral approximantɫ
  Vowel inventory: /a eː ia iə iː oː uə uː ɑː ɔ əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/   Diphthongs: ia, iə, uə, əi, əu  
FrontBack
High
Near-highɪʊ
High-mid
Low-midɛɔ
Lowaɑː
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, c, d, dh, dl, dr, f, fl, fr, g, gr, gw, h, hw, k, l, m, n, nd, p, r, s, sk, sp, t, th, v, vr, w, wl, z
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: b, d, dh, dr, dʲ, d̪ˠ, g, gh, h, k, l, ll, lʲ, mdh, mpt, mʲ, mˠ, n, ns, nt, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, r, rn, rv, s, st, sˠ, t, v, vʲ, vˠ, wls, ws, x, xt̪ˠ, z, ɟ, ɫ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ʃ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • n → ŋ / _#
  • g → ɣ / V_#
  • ks → ʦ / _V
  • b → ∅ / m_s
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
cacea
coːceo
cuciu
coi | cai | cui
kc
hth
xch
çch
ɲnn
^n̪ˠn
n
n̪ˠnn
ŋgng
ŋng
m
m
p
p
b
b
l
ɫl
ʃasea
sˠɪsai
sˠisuí
sˠeːsao
ʃɔseo | sio
ʃoseo
ʃusiu
ʃs
s
te / _{a,ɑː}
t
tʲutiu
t̪ˠoːteo
t̪ˠɛte
t̪ˠt
fˠifaoi
fˠɪfui
fˠuːfiú
f
f
ɟg
ɪi
ɑː
eːɾˠéar
ɾˠr
ɾʲr
bh | mh
bh
d̪ˠd
d
əia
ɛei
ɔo
ia
əuai
ua
ʊu
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 
SingularNo affix co /kɔ/ dog
PluralPrefix dləi- dlaco /ˈdləikɔ/ dogs
 

Articles

 
DefiniteIndefinite
Singularflon /flɔn/ the fró /froː/ a
Pluralor /ɔr/ the wai /wəu/ some
 

Pronouns

 
1st singularséb /seːb/ I, me, mine
2nd singularrimpt /rɪmpt/ you, yours
3rd singularcú /kuː/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its
1st pluralthwad /hwəid̪ˠ/ we, us, ours
2nd pluraldlai /dləu/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd pluraldácht /dɑːxt̪ˠ/ they, them, theirs
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularséb /seːb/ my
2nd singularrimpt /rɪmpt/ your
3rd singularcú /kuː/ his, her, its
1st pluralthwad /hwəid̪ˠ/ our
2nd pluraldlai /dləu/ your (pl)
3rd pluraldácht /dɑːxt̪ˠ/ their
 

Verbs

 
PresentNo affix gwuns /gwʊns/ learn
PastPrefix wlia- wliagwuns /ˈwliagwʊns/ learned
  Timeredrhu uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: ndɑːdr - ndádr gwuns /ndɑːdr gwʊns/ will learn
  Progressive aspect   The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.   Timeredrhu uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  
ProgressiveParticle before the verb: ciəmdh - ciamdth gwuns /ciəmdh gwʊns/ is learning
  Habitual aspect   The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).   Timeredrhu uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
HabitualParticle before the verb: pɑːvʲ - pábh gwuns /pɑːvʲ gwʊns/ learns
 

Numbers

  Timeredrhu has a base-10 number system:   1 - obh
2 - dla
3 - óz
4 - dracht
5 - ndánni
6 - caig
7 - la
8 - gé
9 - dra
10 - tha
11 - obh nda tha “one and ten”
100 - obh frú “one hundred”
101 - obh frú nda obh “one hundred and one”
200 - dla frú
1000 - obh dthuws “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix dh- Else: Prefix dhuə-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ha-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix iː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix voː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɑː-
Noun to verb = Prefix fliː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix iː-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix gr- Else: Prefix grʊ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɪ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spuə-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix fɪ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix ria-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix hw- Else: Prefix hwəi-
Augmentative = Prefix a-

Dictionary

4439 Words.

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