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Goi Davur

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 150K / #57   SPOKEN IN: Draksineon - 150K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: ga ó thés pós o chant ga chag eiseit ó mésteann bonn eicei   Pronunciation: ɡa oː heːʃ pʲoːʃ ɔ çanʲtʲ ɡa çaɡ ˈɛʃɛtʲ oː ˈmʲeːʃtʲaɲ bˠɔɲ ˈɛcɛ     Goi Davur word order: and his hat holding he stood and to the wind his wet face turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x ç ŋ ɟ ɡ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmʲ mˠn̪ˠɲŋ
Stoppʲ pˠ bʲ bˠt̪ˠ d̪ˠtʲ dʲc ɟk ɡ
Fricativefʲ fˠ vʲ vˠʃçxh
Tapɾˠ ɾʲ
Lateral approximant
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximantɫ
  Vowel inventory: /a eː ia̯ iə̯ iː oː uə̯ uː ɑː ɔ əi̯ əu̯ ɛ ɪ ʊ/   Diphthongs: ia̯, iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯  
FrontBack
High
Near-highɪʊ
High-mid
Low-midɛɔ
Lowaɑː
  Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable Word initial consonants: bʲ, bʲɾʲ, bˠ, bˠɾˠ, c, cɾʲ, dʲ, dʲɾʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fʲɾʲ, fˠ, h, kɫ, kɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, n̪ˠ, pʲ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, sˠɾˠ, tʲ, tʲɾʲ, t̪ˠ, t̪ˠɾˠ, vʲ, xɫ, ç, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɡɾˠ, ɫ, ɾˠ, ʃ, ʃc, ʃcɾʲ Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, h, hɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ Word final consonants: dʲ, d̪ˠ, h, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, sˠ, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋɡ, ɟ, ɡ, ɫ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾʲtʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ɾˠtʲ, ɾˠt̪ˠ, ʃ, ʃtʲ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • b → bh / _a
  • v → vh / _i
  • sh → si / _o
  • sh → si / _a
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
cacea
coːceo
cuciu
coi | cai | cui
kc
hth
xch
çch
ɲnn
^n̪ˠn
n
n̪ˠnn
ŋgng
ŋng
m
m
p
p
b
b
l
ɫl
ʃasea
sˠɪsai
sˠisuí
sˠeːsao
ʃɔseo | sio
ʃoseo
ʃusiu
ʃs
s
te / _{a,ɑː}
t
tʲutiu
t̪ˠoːteo
t̪ˠɛte
t̪ˠt
fˠifaoi
fˠɪfui
fˠuːfiú
f
f
ɡg
ɟg
ɪi
ɑː
eːɾˠéar
ɾˠr
ɾʲr
bh | mh
bh
d̪ˠd
d
əia
ɛei
ɔo
ia
əuai
ua
ʊu
 

Grammar

  Main word order: (Prepositional phrase) Object Subject Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into With a key the door Mary opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have seven cases:
  • Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
  • Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
  • Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
  • Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
  • Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
  • Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
  • Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
NominativeNo affix ceoth /coːh/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
AccusativeIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -ɛɡ ceotheig /ˈcoːhɛɡ/ (verb done to) doɡ
GenitiveIf ends with vowel: Suffix -lʲ Else: Suffix -alʲ ceothal /ˈcoːhalʲ/ doɡʼs
DativeSuffix -ɛdʲ ceotheid /ˈcoːhɛdʲ/ to (the/a) doɡ
LocativePrefix sˠkʊ- scuceoth /ˈsˠkʊcoːh/ near/at/by (the/a) doɡ
AblativeIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -oːʃ ceothós /ˈcoːhoːʃ/ from (the/a) doɡ
InstrumentalIf ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -əi̯h ceotha̯th /ˈcoːhəi̯h/ with/usinɡ (the/a) doɡ
   
MasculineFeminine
SingularNo affix /ɡiː/ man No affix mígo /ˈmˠiːɡɔ/ woman
PluralSuffix -a gía /ˈɡiːa/ men If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃtʲ Else: Suffix -əu̯ʃtʲ mígost /ˈmˠiːɡɔʃtʲ/ women
 

Articles

  Goi Davur has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

 
NominativeAccusativeGenitiveDativeLocativeAblativeInstrumental
1st singular /pʲuː/ I ba /bʲa/ me dua̯g /dʲuə̯ɟ/ mine sia̯l /ʃiə̯lʲ/ to me gíg /ɡiːɡ/ at me dia̯nt /dʲiə̯nʲtʲ/ from me as /aʃ/ with/using me
2nd singularei /ɛ/ you (masc) a /a/ you /ʃɑː/ yours ó /oː/ to you geit /ɡɛtʲ/ at you geis /ɡɛʃ/ from you créch /kɾˠeːx/ with/using you
3rd singular masco /ɔ/ he, it thua̯ /huə̯/ him, it sead /ʃadʲ/ his, its cria̯g /cɾʲiə̯ɟ/ to him, at it mi /mʲɪ/ at him, at it tha̯nn /həi̯ɲ/ from him, from it am /amʲ/ with/using him/it
3rd singular femgei /ɡɛ/ she, it dís /d̪ˠiːʃ/ her, it abh /avˠ/ hers, its /ɟɑː/ to her, at it tei /tʲɛ/ at her, at it gai̯m /ɟəu̯mʲ/ from her, from it ceig /cɛɡ/ with/using her/it
1st plural inclusiveí /iː/ we (including you) tha̯s /həi̯ʃ/ us (including you) cha /ça/ ours (including you) pís /pʲiːsˠ/ to us (including you) la /lʲa/ at us (including you) thénn /heːɲ/ from us (including you) míg /mˠiːɡ/ with/using us (including you)
1st plural exclusiveobh /ɔvˠ/ we (excluding you) pírd /pʲiːɾˠd̪ˠ/ us (excluding you) tínn /t̪ˠiːn̪ˠ/ ours (excluding you) tho /hɔ/ to us (excluding you) einn /ɛɲ/ at us (excluding you) pích /pʲiːx/ from us (excluding you) /n̪ˠoː/ with/using us (excluding you)
2nd pluralciú /cuː/ you all sai̯st /ʃəu̯ʃtʲ/ you all tha /ha/ yours (pl) thia̯ /hia̯/ to you all dia̯ /dʲia̯/ at you all /ɡoː/ from you all lann /lʲan̪ˠ/ with/using you all
3rd plural mascgéth /ɟeːh/ they (masc) créng /kɾˠeːŋɡ/ them (masc) thá /hɑː/ theirs (masc) thó /hoː/ to them (masc) chag /çaɡ/ at them (masc) thei /hɛ/ from them (masc) thai̯l /həu̯lʲ/ with/using them (masc)
3rd plural femath /ah/ they (fem) /ɡuː/ them (fem) dria̯th /dʲɾʲiə̯h/ theirs (fem) sai̯ng /ʃəu̯ŋɡ/ to them (fem) clénn /kɫeːɲ/ at them (fem) sea /ʃa/ from them (fem) íth /iːh/ with/using them (fem)
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularú /uː/ my
2nd singularla /lʲa/ your
3rd singular mascó /oː/ his
3rd singular femgég /ɡeːɡ/ her
1st plural inclusivegíd /ɡiːdʲ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusiveal /alʲ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural /ʃɑː/ your (pl)
3rd plural mascchei /çɛ/ their (masc)
3rd plural femtheing /hɛŋɡ/ their (fem)
 

Verbs

 
SingularPlural
PresentIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ Else: Suffix -ɛɟ chagatheig /çaˈɡahɛɟ/ (I/you/he/she) learns Prefix ʃa- seachagath /ʃaˈçaɡah/ (we/they) learn
PastIf ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ʊx chagathuch /çaˈɡahʊx/ (I/you/he/she) learned If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -aɡ chagathag /çaˈɡahaɡ/ (we/they) learned
Remote pastPrefix ɡɛ- geichagath /ɡɛˈçaɡah/ (I/you/he/she) learned (lonɡ aɡo) If starts with vowel: Prefix pʲ- Else: Prefix pʲiː- píchagath /pʲiːˈçaɡah/ (we/they) learned (lonɡ aɡo)
  Goi Davur uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: hɔ - tho chagath /hɔ ˈçaɡah/ will learn
  Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Goi Davur uses an affix for imperfective:  
ImperfectiveIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -ɔɡ chagathog /çaˈɡahɔɡ/ learns/is learninɡ
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Goi Davur uses the word for ‘finish’ thóch for the perfect aspect.  

Numbers

  Goi Davur has a base-20 number system:   1 - gó
2 - sú
3 - reig
4 - tú
5 - ceo
6 - geich
7 - míbha
8 - mígad
9 - reilo
10 - thua̯
11 - lannei
12 - grud
13 - teilei
14 - chaga
15 - seaseor
16 - thabhó
17 - ígulei
18 - lathabh
19 - annú
20 - ménno
21 - ménnogó “twenty-one”
400 - theis “fourhundred”
401 - theis gó “fourhundred one”
800 - sú theis “two fourhundred”
8000 - chal “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ɪxt̪ˠ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ɡɔ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ʃɑː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋɡ Else: Suffix -ɔŋɡ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nʲ Else: Suffix -ɛnʲ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -ɔʃ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲ Else: Suffix -iə̯ɲ
Tending to = Suffix -iː
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -eː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -uːh
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -eːʃ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -eːmʲ
Diminutive = Suffix -a
Augmentative = Prefix ɔ-

Dictionary

4487 Words.

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