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Gahal

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 990K / #34   SPOKEN IN: Galori - 990K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: nir bra ˈllito ˈmisto bra perˈdosu nir relˈsidto bra cuor ˈnidsu pro ˈcaj̈si   Pronunciation: niɾ bɾa ˈʎito ˈmisto bɾa peɾˈdosu niɾ relˈsidto bɾa kwoɾ ˈnidsu pɾo ˈkaxsi     Gahal word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f k l m n p r s t w x ɡ ɲ ɾ ʎ ʧ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelar
Nasalmnɲ
Stopp bt dk ɡ
Affricateʧ
Fricativefsx
Tapɾ
Trillr
Lateral approximantlʎ
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Approximantw
  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/  
FrontBack
Highiu
High-mideo
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɾ, d, dɾ, f, fl, fɾ, k, kl, kw, kɾ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɾ, r, s, sɾ, t, tɾ, x, ɡ, ɡɾ, ʎ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bs, bx, bɾ, d, dɾ, f, k, ks, kt, kw, kɾ, l, lb, ld, ldɾ, lk, lm, lp, ls, lt, lɡ, lɾ, m, mb, mbɾ, mp, mpl, mpɾ, n, nb, nd, ndɾ, nf, nk, nkl, nkɾ, nm, ns, nstɾ, nt, ntɾ, nɡ, nɡl, nɡɾ, p, ps, pt, pɾ, r, s, sd, sk, skɾ, sl, sm, sp, st, stɾ, sɡ, sɡɾ, t, tɾ, x, xp, xpl, xs, xtɾ, ɡ, ɡl, ɡn, ɡɾ, ɲ, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾf, ɾk, ɾl, ɾm, ɾn, ɾp, ɾpɾ, ɾs, ɾt, ɾx, ɾɡ, ɾʧ, ʎ, ʧ
Word final consonants: d, l, n, s, x, ɾ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • s → ʃ / i_
  • r → ɾ / _#
  • a → o / P_
  • l → j / {k,ɡ}_
  • s → h / V_V
  • o → u / _a
  • b → ∅ / m_l
  • o → e / _s
  • ʎ → ʒ / _{a,u}
  • u → o / _#
  • b → v / V_V
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
ɡg
ɾr
ʎy / #_
ʎll
kwcu
kc
ʧch
ɲñ
xg / _{e,i}
x
ʎ̋
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 
MasculineFeminine
SingularNo affix poˈmisu /poˈmisu/ man No affix ˈplassi /ˈplassi/ woman
PluralPrefix da- ˌdapoˈmisu /ˌdapoˈmisu/ men Prefix ʧo- choˈplassi /ʧoˈplassi/ women
 

Articles

 
Definitepe /pe/ the
Indefinitecuo /kwo/ a, some
 

Pronouns

 
1st singularcu /ku/ I, me, mine
2nd singulartud /tud/ you, yours
3rd singular mascbra /bɾa/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular femcuo /kwo/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st pluralpru /pɾu/ we, us, ours
2nd pluralpro /pɾo/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masccun /kun/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural femfles /fles/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularcu /ku/ my
2nd singulartud /tud/ your
3rd singular mascbra /bɾa/ his
3rd singular femcuo /kwo/ her
1st pluralpru /pɾu/ our
2nd pluralpro /pɾo/ your (pl)
3rd plural masccun /kun/ their (masc)
3rd plural femfles /fles/ their (fem)
 

Verbs

 
SingularPlural
PresentPrefix u- uˈpeto /uˈpeto/ (I/you/he/she) learns Prefix a- aˈpeto /aˈpeto/ (we/they) learn
PastPrefix pe- peˈpeto /peˈpeto/ (I/you/he/she) learned Prefix be- beˈpeto /beˈpeto/ (we/they) learned
FutureIf starts with vowel: Prefix ɡɾ- Else: Prefix ɡɾi- griˈpeto /ɡɾiˈpeto/ (I/you/he/she) will learn Prefix sa- saˈpeto /saˈpeto/ (we/they) will learn
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Gahal uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectPrefix i- iˈpeto /iˈpeto/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Gahal has a base-20 number system:   1 - cuos
2 - trar
3 - pru
4 - tra
5 - gri
6 - gi
7 - rer
8 - mas
9 - to
10 - clis
11 - niˈglespe
12 - ˈcuocro
13 - ˈplapsa
14 - urˈbej̈su
15 - frul
16 - danˈclembru
17 - gil
18 - ˈtrantos
19 - ˈcuosgan
20 - pemˈpeñe
21 - pemˈpeñe nir cuos “twenty and one”
400 - cur “fourhundred”
401 - cur nir cuos “fourhundred and one”
800 - trar cur “two fourhundred”
8000 - ˈplabgi “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʎ- Else: Prefix ʎi-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix tɾa-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix re-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix sa-
Tending to = Prefix i-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix e-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwe-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʎi-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwo-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix pl- Else: Prefix pla-

Geographical Distribution

Galori

Dictionary

4454 Words.

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