Gahal

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 990K / #34
SPOKEN IN: Galori - 990K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: nir bra ˈllito ˈmisto bra perˈdosu nir relˈsidto bra cuor ˈnidsu pro ˈcaj̈si
Pronunciation: niɾ bɾa ˈʎito ˈmisto bɾa peɾˈdosu niɾ relˈsidto bɾa kwoɾ ˈnidsu pɾo ˈkaxsi

Gahal word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f k l m n p r s t w x ɡ ɲ ɾ ʎ ʧ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Stop	p b		t d			k ɡ
Affricate				ʧ
Fricative		f	s			x
Tap			ɾ
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l		ʎ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɾ, d, dɾ, f, fl, fɾ, k, kl, kw, kɾ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɾ, r, s, sɾ, t, tɾ, x, ɡ, ɡɾ, ʎ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bs, bx, bɾ, d, dɾ, f, k, ks, kt, kw, kɾ, l, lb, ld, ldɾ, lk, lm, lp, ls, lt, lɡ, lɾ, m, mb, mbɾ, mp, mpl, mpɾ, n, nb, nd, ndɾ, nf, nk, nkl, nkɾ, nm, ns, nstɾ, nt, ntɾ, nɡ, nɡl, nɡɾ, p, ps, pt, pɾ, r, s, sd, sk, skɾ, sl, sm, sp, st, stɾ, sɡ, sɡɾ, t, tɾ, x, xp, xpl, xs, xtɾ, ɡ, ɡl, ɡn, ɡɾ, ɲ, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾf, ɾk, ɾl, ɾm, ɾn, ɾp, ɾpɾ, ɾs, ɾt, ɾx, ɾɡ, ɾʧ, ʎ, ʧ
Word final consonants: d, l, n, s, x, ɾ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• s → ʃ / i_
• r → ɾ / _#
• a → o / P_
• l → j / {k,ɡ}_
• s → h / V_V
• o → u / _a
• b → ∅ / m_l
• o → e / _s
• ʎ → ʒ / _{a,u}
• u → o / _#
• b → v / V_V

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɡ	g
ɾ	r
ʎ	y / #_
ʎ	ll
kw	cu
k	c
ʧ	ch
ɲ	ñ
x	g / _{e,i}
x	j̈
ʎ	̋

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix poˈmisu /poˈmisu/ man	No affix ˈplassi /ˈplassi/ woman
Plural	Prefix da- ˌdapoˈmisu /ˌdapoˈmisu/ men	Prefix ʧo- choˈplassi /ʧoˈplassi/ women

Articles

Definite	pe /pe/ the
Indefinite	cuo /kwo/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	cu /ku/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	tud /tud/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	bra /bɾa/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	cuo /kwo/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	pru /pɾu/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	pro /pɾo/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	cun /kun/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	fles /fles/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	cu /ku/ my
2nd singular	tud /tud/ your
3rd singular masc	bra /bɾa/ his
3rd singular fem	cuo /kwo/ her
1st plural	pru /pɾu/ our
2nd plural	pro /pɾo/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	cun /kun/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	fles /fles/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Singular	Plural
Present	Prefix u- uˈpeto /uˈpeto/ (I/you/he/she) learns	Prefix a- aˈpeto /aˈpeto/ (we/they) learn
Past	Prefix pe- peˈpeto /peˈpeto/ (I/you/he/she) learned	Prefix be- beˈpeto /beˈpeto/ (we/they) learned
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɡɾ- Else: Prefix ɡɾi- griˈpeto /ɡɾiˈpeto/ (I/you/he/she) will learn	Prefix sa- saˈpeto /saˈpeto/ (we/they) will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Gahal uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix i- iˈpeto /iˈpeto/ have learned

Numbers

Gahal has a base-20 number system:
1 - cuos
2 - trar
3 - pru
4 - tra
5 - gri
6 - gi
7 - rer
8 - mas
9 - to
10 - clis
11 - niˈglespe
12 - ˈcuocro
13 - ˈplapsa
14 - urˈbej̈su
15 - frul
16 - danˈclembru
17 - gil
18 - ˈtrantos
19 - ˈcuosgan
20 - pemˈpeñe
21 - pemˈpeñe nir cuos “twenty and one”
400 - cur “fourhundred”
401 - cur nir cuos “fourhundred and one”
800 - trar cur “two fourhundred”
8000 - ˈplabgi “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʎ- Else: Prefix ʎi-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix tɾa-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix re-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix sa-
Tending to = Prefix i-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix e-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwe-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʎi-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwo-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix pl- Else: Prefix pla-

Geographical Distribution

Galori

Dictionary

4454 Words.