Daþwahrlu

LANGUAGE FAMILY: FARANG
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 45K / #76
SPOKEN IN: Ret - 45K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE: Jøtingik*

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ny mek blahorch tafrurngu moim mek ny werem yeed mek glumped corm uche
Pronunciation: niː mɛk blɑˈhɔːʧ tɑˈfɹɜːŋuː mɔɪm mɛk niː wɛəm jiːd mɛk glʌmpt kɔːm uːʧ

Daþwahrlu word order: and his hat holding stood he and to the wind his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, dɹ, f, fl, fɹ, g, gl, gɹ, h, j, k, kl, kw, kɹ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɹ, s, sk, skw, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, spɹ, st, stɹ, sw, t, th, tw, tɹ, v, w, ð, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʍ, ʤ, ʧ, θ, θɹ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Word final consonants: b, bd, bl, bz, d, dst, dz, f, fs, ft, g, gd, gz, k, ks, kst, kt, kts, l, ld, ldz, lf, lk, lm, ls, lt, lts, lv, lvd, lvz, lz, lθ, m, md, mp, mps, mpt, mz, n, nd, ndz, ns, nst, nt, nts, nz, nʤ, nʤd, nʧ, nθ, p, ps, pt, r, rm, s, sk, sp, spt, st, sts, t, ts, v, vd, vz, z, zd, ð, ðz, ŋ, ŋd, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋz, ɹ, ɹd, ɹdz, ɹk, ɹks, ɹkt, ɹm, ɹmd, ɹmz, ɹn, ɹnd, ɹs, ɹst, ɹt, ɹts, ɹz, ɹʃ, ɹʧt, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃt, ʤ, ʤd, ʧ, ʧt, θ, θs
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• h → ʔ / #_
• j → ʧ / _V

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt	cked / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	ck
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ow / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	ear
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	ge / _#
ʤ	dg
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	quir
eə	ere

Grammar

Main word order: (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into With a key the door opened Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix riwep /ɹɪˈwɛp/ man	No affix wet /wɛt/ woman
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɔːm riweporm /ɹɪwɛˈpɔːm/ men	Suffix -iːs wetees /ˈwɛtiːs/ women

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	neech /niːʧ/ the	eem /iːm/ a
Plural	meem /miːm/ the	mang /mɑŋ/ some

Pronouns

1st singular	bois /bɔɪs/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	tak /tæk/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	mek /mɛk/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	ny /niː/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	mem /mɛm/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	werem /wɛəm/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	helth /hɛlθ/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	pur /pɜː/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bois /bɔɪs/ my
2nd singular	tak /tæk/ your
3rd singular masc	mek /mɛk/ his
3rd singular fem	ny /niː/ her
1st plural	mem /mɛm/ our
2nd plural	werem /wɛəm/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	helth /hɛlθ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	pur /pɜː/ their (fem)

Verbs

Present	No affix wents /wɛnts/ learn
Past	Suffix -iː wentsy /wɛntˈsiː/ learned
Remote past	Suffix -ɪm wentsim /ˈwɛntsɪm/ learned (long ago)

Daþwahrlu uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ɪn - in wents /ɪn wɛnts/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Daþwahrlu uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: miːl - meel wents /miːl wɛnts/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Daþwahrlu uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -ɔː wentsor /ˈwɛntsɔː/ have learned

Numbers

Daþwahrlu has a base-20 number system:
1 - uce
2 - woit
3 - thume
4 - yes
5 - curm
6 - meeg
7 - tans
8 - yeg
9 - weg
10 - pify
11 - neemped
12 - mused
13 - eemum
14 - cheemftoom
15 - memped
16 - keemum
17 - sprerekek
18 - sils
19 - nuche
20 - feeth
21 - feeth ny uce “twenty and one”
400 - uce shroilvs “one fourhundred”
401 - uce shroilvs ny uce “one fourhundred and one”
800 - woit shroilvs “two fourhundred”
8000 - uce mu “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɪə
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -uːm
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -uː
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -iːp
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -uːm
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɛk
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -æn
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ɛs
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -uːk
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɑːk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -uː
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɪə
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɛm
Augmentative = Suffix -iːm

Dictionary

4440 Words.