Unless it results in death,
Damage isn't permanent. Rest can restore a creature's
Hit Points (see below), and magical methods such as a
Cure Wounds spell or a
Potion of Healing can remove damage in an instant.
When a creature receives healing of any kind,
Hit Points regained are added to its current hit points. A creature's hit points can't exceed its hit point maximum, so any hit points regained in excess of this number are lost.
For example, a
druid grants a
ranger 8
Hit Points of healing. If the ranger has 14 current hit points and has a hit point maximum of 20, the ranger regains 6 hit points from the druid, not 8.
A
creature that has
died can't regain hit points until magic such as the
Revivify spell has restored it to life.
Recovery
You can use downtime between adventures to recover from a debilitating
disease or
poison. Unless otherwise noted, an
Injury does not completely recover naturally.
After three days of
Downtime spent recuperating, you gain
advantage on
saving throws against one disease or poison currently affecting you for the next 24 hours.
Resting
Heroic though they might be, adventurers can't spend every hour of the day in the thick of exploration, social interaction, and combat. They need rest -- time to sleep and eat, tend their wounds, refresh their minds and spirits for spellcasting, and brace themselves for further adventure.
All living creatures heal from injuries naturally, but for most creatures it is a slow process. When a creature is reduced from its
Hit Point maximum, it will regain hit points by resting -- but at an extremely slow pace.
Short Rests are too brief to have any noticeable effect on the average
creature's healing. After a
Long Rest, however, creatures that are not at full health gain 1
hit point. When a creature takes 3 long rests in a row, on the third long rest the creature may add its
Constitution modifier to the hit points regained through natural healing.
Creatures that heal at normal speeds will never recover naturally from a lingering
Injury. But creatures that
Regenerate heal much faster and can recover from lingering injuries through their natural healing process -- their abilities are detailed in their descriptions.
More information on resting:
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