Arubesian

Spoken in the Irato Taleon Mountains, near the source of the Rava-sigu.

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Natively known as: Arubes /aʁuˈβeʂ/

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
Example: “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened. Arubes: mary ådarů thy pio̊siqak ei̊a thyaesei̊ryp. Gloss: /maˈry ɑðaˈʁʊ ʧy ɸiˌʌʂiˈqʼakʼ eɪ̯ˈa ʧyˌæʂeɪ̯ˈʁyɸ/.
mary | ådarů |thy |pio̊siqak | ei̊a | thyaesei̊ryp Mary |door | 3.INDEF.COM:PART | key | IND:PART | open-3.SG.PST:V
where INDEF = indefinite, COM = Commutative, PART = Particle, IND = Indicative, 3.SG.PST:V = 3rd person singular past conjugation.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Pronouns

Neuter

	Singular	Plural	Dual
1st person	oůs /oʊ̯ʂ/ I, me, mine	qei̊ /qʼeɪ̯/ we, us, ours	e̊i̊ /ɛˈɪ/ mine
2nd person	fai̊ /faɪ̯/ you, yours	oů /oʊ̯/ you all, yours (pl)	vi /vi/ ours
3rd person	sy /ʂy/ it, its	sei̊ /ʂeɪ̯/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)	zi /ʐi/ theirs

Animate

	Singular	Plural	Dual
1st person	doů /ðoʊ̯/ (used to denote non-human species)	iq /iqʼ/ (used to denote non-human species)	ke̊ /kʼɛ/ (used to denote non-human species)
2nd person	iv /iv/ (used to denote non-human species)	ei̊v /eɪ̯v/ (used to denote non-human species)	oůz /oʊ̯ʐ/ (used to denote non-human species)
3rd person	yvy /yˈvy/ (used to denote non-human species)	ti /ʈʼi/ (used to denote non-human species)	kaů /kʼaʊ̯/ (used to denote non-human species)

Inanimate

	Singular	Plural	Dual
1st person	oův /oʊ̯v/ (used only to denote an inanimate object that is owned by the speaker)	aůz /aʊ̯ʐ/ (used only to denote multiple inanimate objects that is owned by the speaker)	by /βy/ (used only to denote 1 to 2 inanimate objects owned by 1 to 2 speakers)
2nd person	vi̊ /vɪ/ (used only to denote an inanimate object owned by the listener)	iy /iˈy/ (used only to denote multiple inanimate objects owned by the listener)	qi /qʼi/ (used only to denote 1 to 2 inanimate objects owned by 1 to 2 listeners)
3rd person	i̊ /ɪ/ (used only to denote an inanimate object owned by the collective)	toů /ʈʼoʊ̯/ (used only to denote multiple inanimate objects owned by the collective)	rei̊ /ʁeɪ̯/ (used only to denote 1 to 2 inanimate objects owned by 1 to 2 people)

Particles

These go after the noun, and sometimes between the noun and its adjective. Note that there is no indefinite 1st person set of particles.

Nominative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	e̊å /ɛˈɑ/ I (do the verb)	pae /ɸæ/ you (do the verb)	za /ʐa/ they (do the verb)
Indefinite		oůe /oʊ̯ˈe/	et /eʈʼ/ they (do the verb)

Accusative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	ep /eɸ/ (verb done to) me	oůå /oʊ̯ˈɑ/ (verb done to) you	e̊ /ɛ/ (verb done to) them
Indefinite		the̊ /ʧɛ/	oůo /oʊ̯ˈo/ (verb done to) them

Genitive

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	koů /kʼoʊ̯/ my	thi̊ /ʧɪ/ your	vae /væ/ theirs
Indefinite		vai̊ /vaɪ̯/ your	hei̊ /ħeɪ̯/ theirs

Illative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	åh /ɑħ/ into/toward (the)	ydh /yʤ/ into/toward (the)	zy /ʐy/ into/toward (the)
Indefinite		rei̊ /ʁeɪ̯/ into/toward (a)	ta /ʈʼa/ into/toward (a)

Inessive

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	i /i/ inside (the)	voů /voʊ̯/ inside (the)	vaů /vaʊ̯/ inside (the)
Indefinite		yz /yʐ/ inside (a)	då /ðɑ/ inside (a)

Elative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	ei̊i̊ /eɪ̯ˈɪ/ out of (the)	fi /fi/ out of (the)	o̊s /ʌʂ/ out of (the)
Indefinite		ås /ɑʂ/ out of (a)	odh /oʤ/ out of (a)

Comitative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	aů /aʊ̯/ with (the)	io /iˈo/ with (the)	ei̊e /eɪ̯ˈe/ with (the)
Indefinite		oůr /oʊ̯ʁ/ with (a)	thy /ʧy/ with (a)

Essive

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	di̊ /ðɪ/ denotes period of time the y exists doing x	sů /ʂʊ/ denotes period of time the y exists doing x	ai̊th /aɪ̯ʧ/ denotes period of time the y exists doing x
Indefinite		åq /ɑqʼ/ denotes period of time a y exists doing x	zei̊ /ʐeɪ̯/ denotes period of time a y exists doing x

Locative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	yr /yʁ/ near/at/by (the)	sy /ʂy/ near/at/by (the)	thu /ʧu/ near/at/by (the)
Indefinite		o̊r /ʌʁ/ near/at/by (a)	dhi̊ /ʤɪ/ near/at/by (a)

Ablative

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	ak /akʼ/ away from (the)	te /ʈʼe/ away from (the)	i̊q /ɪqʼ/ away from (the)
Indefinite		ro̊ /ʁʌ/ away from (a)	ov /ov/ away from (a)

Instrumental

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	dhe /ʤe/ with/by (the)	oůh /oʊ̯ħ/ with/by (the)	te̊ /ʈʼɛ/ with/by (the)
Indefinite		sai̊ /ʂaɪ̯/ with/by (a)	oůd /oʊ̯ð/ with/by (a)

Subessive

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	kai̊ /kʼaɪ̯/ under (the)	us /uʂ/ under (the)	ai̊ů /aɪ̯ˈʊ/ under (the)
Indefinite		i̊ae /ɪˈæ/ under (a)	e̊r /ɛʁ/ under (a)

Superessive

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	y /y/ on (the)	vi̊ /vɪ/ on (the)	fu /fu/ on (the)
Indefinite		dhai̊ /ʤaɪ̯/ on (a)	tai̊ /ʈʼaɪ̯/ on (a)

Temporal

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Definite	i̊ /ɪ/ specifying a time when/at (the)	voů /voʊ̯/ specifying a time when/at (the)	ai̊v /aɪ̯v/ specifying a time when/at (the)
Indefinite		yo̊ /yˈʌ/ specifying a time when/at (a)	åk /ɑkʼ/ specifying a time when/at (a)

Writing System

The alphabet is a mixture of flowing cursive and cuniform.

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ð	d
ʤ	dh
f	f
ħ	h
aɪ̯	ai̊
aʊ̯	aů
oʊ̯	oů
ʐ	z
β	b
u	u
ʊ	ů
a	a
kʼ	k
ɸ	p
qʼ	q
eɪ̯	ei̊
e	e
ɑ	å
o	o
ɪ	i̊
i	i
ʁ	r
ʈʼ	t
v	v
ɛ	e̊
ʂ	s
ʧ	th
ʌ	o̊
y	y
æ	ae

Phonology

Vowel inventory: a aɪ̯ aʊ̯ e eɪ̯ i o oʊ̯ u y æ ɑ ɛ ɪ ʊ ʌ
Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ oʊ̯

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid	ɛ	ʌ
Near-low	æ
Low	a	ɑ

Consonant inventory: f kʼ qʼ v ð ħ ɸ ʁ ʂ ʈʼ ʐ ʤ ʧ β

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal
Stop					ʈʼ	kʼ	qʼ
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v	ð		ʂ ʐ		ʁ	ħ

Morphology

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -ɑ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʧɛ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɛv
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix veɪ̯-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ia-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -yʐ
Noun to verb = Prefix ðaɪ̯-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ikʼ
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix ɪu-
Tending to = Suffix -oʊ̯ħ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -oʈʼ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix yæ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -æɸ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uf
Diminutive = Prefix ʐʊ-
Augmentative = Suffix -uʂ

Syntax

Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable

Vocabulary

Numbers

Arubesian has a base-10 number system:

• 1 - e̊vůsqå
  
• 2 - rudhyar
• 3 - aetaůth
  
• 4 - ůpuke̊s
• 5 - vaokůaez
  
• 6 - efefte̊
• 7 - vathoů
  
• 8 - uthabai̊b
• 9 - zi̊idi̊ut
  
• 10 - i̊kHundred - duaůvoůvo
• Thousand - po̊

Phonetics

Phoneme Classes:

• C = ɸ β f v ð ʐ ʂ ʧ ʤ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ ʁ ħ
• L = ð ʐ ʂ ʧ ʤ ʈʼ kʼ ʁ v
• V = a æ ɑ e o u ʊ ʌ
• W = oʊ̯ eɪ̯ aʊ̯ aɪ̯ ɛ i ɪ y
• S = CV LV VC VL
• T = CW LW WC WL
• X = WV WLW VLV VCV WCW

Word Patterns based on the above phoneme classes:

• S
• T
• X
• SS
• ST
• SX
• XS
• TX
• TT
• XT
• TS
• SSS
• SST
• STS
• TSS
• TST
• TTS
• SXS
• SXT
• TXS
• TXT

pronoun =

• W
• T

particles =

• W(V)
• S
• T

affix patterns =

• -VC
• CV-
• -VL
• LV-
• -WL
• -WC
• WC-
• CW-
• LW-
• WV-
• IF V# THEN -C ELSE -V
• IF W# THEN -L ELSE -W

Tenses

Verb Conjugation and Particles

Conjugation examples use the word "to learn."

Mood particles

These comes before the verb.

Indicative	ei̊a /eɪ̯ˈa/ factual statement or witnessed observation
Conditional	et /eʈʼ/ event is conditional on something else
Subjunctivei	på /ɸɑ/ hypothetical situations
Subjunctiveii	y /y/ expressing emotions or how the body feels
Subjunctiveiii	åz /ɑʐ/ expressing opinions
Imperative	aův /aʊ̯v/ commands
Optative	se̊ /ʂɛ/ expressing wishes or hopes
Potential	vo̊ /vʌ/ probability something will happen
Presumptive	i̊k /ɪkʼ/ expressing a hypothesis or statement that is not factual
Presumptivei	zy /ʐy/ expressing doubt or concern
Inferential	thů /ʧʊ/ reporting on event without confirming it
Interrogative	it /iʈʼ/ expressing a question

The following is how to conjugate the verb based on person, number, and time.

Remote past

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Singular	Suffix -ʊʤ vaeyro̊tůdh /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊʤ/ (I) learned (long ago)	Suffix -ʌʐ vaeyro̊to̊z /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʌʐ/ (you) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -qʼ Else: Suffix -a vaeyro̊ta /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼa/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago)
Plural	Suffix -ʌv vaeyro̊to̊v /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʌv/ (we) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -æ vaeyro̊tae /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼæ/ (you all) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -e vaeyro̊te /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼe/ (they) learned (long ago)
Dual	Suffix -aɪ̯f vaeyro̊tai̊f /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaɪ̯f/ learned (long ago)	Suffix -yʂ vaeyro̊tys /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼyʂ/ learned (long ago)	Suffix -oβ vaeyro̊tob /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoβ/ learned (long ago)

Past

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʐ Else: Suffix -ʌ vaeyro̊to̊ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʌ/ (I) learned	Suffix -ɪβ vaeyro̊ti̊b /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɪβ/ (you) learned	Suffix -yɸ vaeyro̊typ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼyɸ/ (he/she/it) learned
Plural	Suffix -ʊʁ vaeyro̊tůr /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊʁ/ (we) learned	Suffix -ɑʁ vaeyro̊tår /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɑʁ/ (you all) learned	Suffix -uʐ vaeyro̊tuz /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼuʐ/ (they) learned
Dual	Suffix -ɑv vaeyro̊tåv /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɑv/ learned	Suffix -æʁ vaeyro̊taer /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼæʁ/ learned	If ends with W: Suffix -ʤ Else: Suffix -eɪ̯ vaeyro̊tei̊ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼeɪ̯/ learned

Present

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Singular	Suffix -ʊʧ vaeyro̊tůth /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊʧ/ (I) learn	If ends with W: Suffix -ʁ Else: Suffix -ɛ vaeyro̊te̊ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɛ/ (you) learn	Suffix -ɛʤ vaeyro̊te̊dh /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɛʤ/ (he/she/it) learns
Plural	Suffix -ɛʐ vaeyro̊te̊z /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɛʐ/ (we) learn	Suffix -iʧ vaeyro̊tith /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼiʧ/ (you all) learn	Suffix -ɪv vaeyro̊ti̊v /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɪv/ (they) learn
Dual	Suffix -ɪð vaeyro̊ti̊d /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɪð/ learn	If ends with W: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -oʊ̯ vaeyro̊toů /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʊ̯/ learn	If ends with W: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -aɪ̯ vaeyro̊tai̊ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaɪ̯/ learn

Future

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Singular	Suffix -aɪ̯ʧ vaeyro̊tai̊th /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaɪ̯ʧ/ (I) will learn	Suffix -oʁ vaeyro̊tor /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʁ/ (you) will learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð Else: Suffix -ʊ vaeyro̊tů /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊ/ (he/she/it) will learn
Plural	If ends with W: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -i vaeyro̊ti /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼi/ (we) will learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -β Else: Suffix -a vaeyro̊ta /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼa/ (you all) will learn	Suffix -oʧ vaeyro̊toth /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʧ/ (they) will learn
Dual	Suffix -ukʼ vaeyro̊tuk /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼukʼ/ will learn	If ends with W: Suffix -ʤ Else: Suffix -ɛ vaeyro̊te̊ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɛ/ will learn	Suffix -aʊ̯qʼ vaeyro̊taůq /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaʊ̯qʼ/ will learn

Remote future

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Singular	Suffix -oð vaeyro̊tod /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoð/ (I) will learn (far in future)	Suffix -oʊ̯ʐ vaeyro̊toůz /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʊ̯ʐ/ will learn (far in future)	Suffix -okʼ vaeyro̊tok /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼokʼ/ will learn (far in future)
Plural	Suffix -eɪ̯ʤ vaeyro̊tei̊dh /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼeɪ̯ʤ/ (we) will learn (far in future)	Suffix -eɪ̯ð vaeyro̊tei̊d /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼeɪ̯ð/ will learn (far in future)	Suffix -oʊ̯ʁ vaeyro̊toůr /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʊ̯ʁ/ will learn (far in future)
Dual	Suffix -uʧ vaeyro̊tuth /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼuʧ/ will learn (far in future)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɸ Else: Suffix -ʊ vaeyro̊tů /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊ/ will learn (far in future)	Suffix -eɪ̯v vaeyro̊tei̊v /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼeɪ̯v/ will learn (far in future)

Negative Verb affixes

Instead of using a word for "no" or "not," the verb is instead conjugated based on a negative-verb affix. There is four types: non-past indicative, past indicative, non-past imperative, and past imperative. For these sentences the mood particle is often omitted as it can be collapsed into the conjugation of the verb itself. Linguistics studies posit this is a relic from a prior incarnation of this language, and has held on despite its irregularity in comparison to non-negative verb conjugations (which denote remote past and remote future, which negative verb conjugations do not).

Singular

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Non-pastindicative	If ends with W: Suffix -ʐ Else: Suffix -ɪ vaeyro̊ti̊ /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɪ/ (I) no learn	Suffix -oʊ̯ʐ vaeyro̊toůz /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʊ̯ʐ/ (you) no learn	Suffix -eɪ̯qʼ vaeyro̊tei̊q /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼeɪ̯qʼ/ (they) no learn
Pastindicative	Suffix -oʊ̯ʤ vaeyro̊toůdh /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʊ̯ʤ/ (I) no learned	If ends with W: Suffix -ð Else: Suffix -i vaeyro̊ti /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼi/ no learned	Suffix -ɛʁ vaeyro̊te̊r /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɛʁ/ no learned
Non-pastimperative	Suffix -æʂ vaeyro̊taes /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼæʂ/ (I) no learn	Suffix -yʂ vaeyro̊tys /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼyʂ/ no learn	Suffix -æʈʼ vaeyro̊taet /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼæʈʼ/ no learn
Pastimperative	Suffix -oʊ̯ʤ vaeyro̊toůdh /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʊ̯ʤ/ (I) no learned	If ends with W: Suffix -ð Else: Suffix -i vaeyro̊ti /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼi/ no learned	Suffix -ɛʁ vaeyro̊te̊r /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɛʁ/ no learned

Plural

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Non-pastindicative	If ends with W: Suffix -kʼ Else: Suffix -aʊ̯ vaeyro̊taů /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaʊ̯/ (we) no learn	Suffix -ɑʈʼ vaeyro̊tåt /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɑʈʼ/ no learn	Suffix -aɪ̯ʐ vaeyro̊tai̊z /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaɪ̯ʐ/ no learn
Pastindicative	Suffix -aɪ̯ʈʼ vaeyro̊tai̊t /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaɪ̯ʈʼ/ (we) no learned	Suffix -ʌð vaeyro̊to̊d /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʌð/ no learned	Suffix -ɑʁ vaeyro̊tår /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɑʁ/ no learned
Non-pastimperative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ħ Else: Suffix -a vaeyro̊ta /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼa/ (we) no learn	Suffix -iħ vaeyro̊tih /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼiħ/ no learn	Suffix -ɪʂ vaeyro̊ti̊s /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɪʂ/ no learn
Pastimperative	Suffix -aɪ̯ʈʼ vaeyro̊tai̊t /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaɪ̯ʈʼ/ (we) no learned	Suffix -ʌð vaeyro̊to̊d /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʌð/ no learned	Suffix -ɑʁ vaeyro̊tår /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼɑʁ/ no learned

Dual

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Non-pastindicative	Suffix -ov vaeyro̊tov /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼov/ no learn	Suffix -ʊʈʼ vaeyro̊tůt /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊʈʼ/ no learn	Suffix -oʈʼ vaeyro̊tot /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼoʈʼ/ no learn
Pastindicative	Suffix -iɸ vaeyro̊tip /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼiɸ/ no learned	Suffix -aʊ̯ʂ vaeyro̊taůs /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaʊ̯ʂ/ no learned	Suffix -aʂ vaeyro̊tas /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaʂ/ no learned
Non-pastimperative	Suffix -akʼ vaeyro̊tak /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼakʼ/ no learn	Suffix -æqʼ vaeyro̊taeq /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼæqʼ/ no learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ħ Else: Suffix -ʊ vaeyro̊tů /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼʊ/ no learn
Pastimperative	Suffix -iɸ vaeyro̊tip /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼiɸ/ no learned	Suffix -aʊ̯ʂ vaeyro̊taůs /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaʊ̯ʂ/ no learned	Suffix -aʂ vaeyro̊tas /væˌyʁʌˈʈʼaʂ/ no learned

Dictionary

4410 Words.

Common Unisex Names

• Odsy /oðˈʂy/ 
• Zåi̊s /ʐɑˈɪʂ/ 
• Ryaůaeudh /ʁyˌaʊ̯æˈuʤ/ 
• I̊do̊vo̊r /ɪðʌˈvʌʁ/ 
• Ro̊uvo̊ /ʁʌuˈvʌ/ 
• E̊qpå /ɛqʼˈɸɑ/ 
• Keithaů /kʼeiˈʧaʊ̯/