URSPEECH

Nothing is known of this. It is a proto-language which is believed to be of nature and the weave, it would be the precursor to Supernal and Primordial Language .
Work In Progress.. ignore

Phonology (Sounds):
1. Consonants: - Voiceless Stops: p, t, k - Voiced Stops: b, d, g - Fricatives: f, s, h - Nasals: m, n - Liquids: l, r - Semivowels: w, y
2. Vowels: - Short Vowels: a, e, i, o, u - Long Vowels: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū
Grammar and Syntax:
1. Nouns: - Nouns are inflected for case (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, vocative). - There are three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. - Nouns are declined for number (singular and plural).
2. Verbs: - Verbs are conjugated for tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), and voice (active, passive). - There are strong and weak verb classes, with irregular conjugations. - Verbs agree with the subject in person (first, second, third) and number (singular, plural).
3. Word Order: - The basic word order is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), but word order can be flexible due to the case system.
Example Sentences:
1. Hed bhéreti dom. - (He/she/it carries the house.)
2. Gwr̥h₂éyoh₁ esti kórps. - (The woman is running.)
3. Déḱm̥t wṓyǵʰm̥̄̆ kʷṓd h₁ǵʰréḱs esti. - (Ten horses were owned by the ruler.)

Phonology

Phonology (Sounds)
Consonants: - Voiceless Stops: p, t, k - Voiced Stops: b, d, g - Fricatives: f, s, h - Nasals: m, n - Liquids: l, r - Semivowels: w, y
Vowels: - Short Vowels: a, e, i, o, u - Long Vowels: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū
The phonology of this language is characterized by a range of consonants and vowels. Consonants include voiceless and voiced stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids, and semivowels. Vowels come in both short and long forms, creating a variety of vowel sounds in the language.
These phonological elements form the basis of the language's sound system, allowing for the creation of words and sentences with distinct sounds and pronunciation patterns.

Morphology

Morphology (Word Structure)
Nouns: - Nouns in this language are inflected for case, including nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and vocative. - The language exhibits a system of grammatical gender with three categories: masculine, feminine, and neuter. - Nouns are declined for number, with forms for both singular and plural.
Verbs: - Verbs in this language are highly inflected and convey a wealth of information through conjugation. - Verb conjugation includes tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), and voice (active, passive). - There are two main classes of verbs: strong and weak, each with its own set of conjugation patterns. - Verbs agree with the subject in terms of person (first, second, third) and number (singular, plural).
Word Order: - The basic word order in this language is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), which is common in many Indo-European languages. - However, due to the rich case system, word order can be flexible, allowing for various emphasis and stylistic choices.
The morphology of this language is characterized by a highly inflectional system for nouns and verbs, providing a rich set of grammatical tools for expressing relationships, actions, and nuances in sentences. The use of cases, genders, and verb conjugations allows for precise communication and variation in sentence structure.

Syntax

Syntax (Sentence Structure)
Noun Phrases: - Noun phrases typically follow a head-initial structure, with the noun at the beginning, followed by modifiers such as adjectives and determiners. - Adjectives usually agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they modify. - The order of modifiers can be flexible due to the case system, allowing for various emphasis and stylistic choices.
Verb Phrases: - The basic word order for verb phrases is typically Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). - Verbs are conjugated to convey tense, mood, and voice, providing rich information about the action being described. - Subordinate clauses often precede the main clause, and relative clauses follow the noun they modify.
Word Order: - While the default word order is SOV, this language allows for flexibility in word order, especially due to its robust case system. - Word order variations are often used for emphasis or stylistic reasons, with the most important information typically placed closer to the beginning of the sentence.
Subordination: - Subordinate clauses, including adverbial clauses and relative clauses, are commonly used to provide additional information and context within sentences. - Subordinate clauses usually precede the main clause, and their verb forms may differ from those in independent clauses.
Coordination: - Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. - Common coordinating conjunctions include words for "and," "but," "or," and "so."
Questions: - Interrogative word order often involves fronting the verb or the question word, with the rest of the sentence following the standard SOV order. - Questions may also be formed through rising intonation without significant changes in word order.
Negation: - Negation is typically achieved through the use of negative particles or affixes added to the verb. - Double negatives are sometimes used for emphasis or to create nuanced meanings.
The syntax of this language exhibits a flexible word order, allowing for variations that convey nuances and emphasize different elements in sentences. The rich system of cases, verb conjugations, and subordinate clauses contribute to the language's complexity and expressive capabilities.

Vocabulary

Basic Vocabulary
Numbers: - One: on - Two: du - Three: tri - Four: kwetor - Five: penkwe - Six: sweḱs - Seven: septm̥ - Eight: oḱtṓ - Nine: h₁néwn̥ - Ten: déḱm̥
Colors: - Red: rudʰrós - Blue: bʰléwos - Green: ḱlḗwos - Yellow: gʷʰélnos - Black: mélh₂nos - White: ḱwéytos
Family: - Father: pH₂tḗr - Mother: méh₂tēr - Brother: bʰráth₂s - Sister: swésōr - Son: h₂néh₂ws - Daughter: dʰugh₂tḗr
Animals: - Dog: kʷón - Cat: katta - Horse: h₁éḱwos - Bird: h₂éwis - Fish: písḱis - Snake: sérpens
Nature: - Sun: sóh₂wl̥ - Moon: mḗh₁n̥s - Water: wódr̥ - Tree: déḱu - Mountain: gʷerh₂ - Sky: dyeu̯s
Common Verbs: - To eat: h₁ed - To sleep: slep - To walk: h₁wegʷʰ - To speak: h₁weh₁gʷʰ - To love: h₁léwʰti - To see: seh₁ti
Greetings: - Hello: h₁éǵh₂s - Goodbye: lēgʷʰós - Please: péles - Thank you: gʷʰerh₁-ósmi - Yes: h₁óy - No: né
Common Objects: - House: dṓm̥ - Table: stégʷʰm̥ - Book: bʰibʰlíos - Knife: kʷs̥tis - Key: kléydʰos - Coin: méh₂n̥s

Phonetics

Phonetic Rules for URSPEECH
Phonetic Inventory: - Consonants: URSPEECH includes voiceless stops /p, t, k/, voiced stops /b, d, g/, fricatives /f, s, h/, nasals /m, n/, liquids /l, r/, and semivowels /w, y/. - Vowels: There are short vowels /a, e, i, o, u/ and long vowels /ā, ē, ī, ō, ū/.
Phonotactics: - Syllables typically follow the CVC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant) structure, with occasional variations in specific words.
Sound Changes: - Voiced stops (/b, d, g/) become voiceless stops (/p, t, k/) word-finally or before voiceless consonants. - Vowels undergo lengthening before voiced stops in unstressed syllables (e.g., /gata/ → [gaːta]).
Vowel Harmony: - URSPEECH exhibits vowel harmony based on vowel height. High vowels (/i, ī, y, ū/) cannot co-occur in the same word with low vowels (/a, ā, o/).
Stress and Accent: - Stress in URSPEECH is typically placed on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable of a word. Exceptions exist for certain affixes and compound words.
Pitch and Intonation: - URSPEECH uses pitch patterns to convey different meanings in questions, statements, and commands. Rising intonation often indicates questions.
Assimilation and Dissimilation: - Voicing assimilation occurs with adjacent consonants, causing voiced-voiceless alternations in clusters (e.g., /dta/ → [tta]). - Dissimilation may occur in compound words, avoiding repetition of similar sounds (e.g., /kaka/ → [kaxa]).
Allophones: - Voiceless stops may be aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] initially. - Nasals may be pronounced nasally before nasal consonants (e.g., /mb/ → [mb̃]). - [j] and [w] are pronounced as semivowels in diphthongs.
Phonetic Transcription: - Use the provided International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols for accurate transcription.
Loanword Adaptation: - Loanwords from other languages are adapted to fit the phonological rules of URSPEECH while preserving their core meanings.
Sound Shifts Over Time: - URSPEECH has evolved over time, leading to historical sound changes, dialectal variations, and archaic forms.
These phonetic rules provide a foundation for understanding the pronunciation and phonological features of URSPEECH. You can further develop and expand upon these rules as needed for your conlang.

Tenses

Tense Rules for URSPEECH
Tense Categories: - URSPEECH employs a tripartite tense system, distinguishing between past, present, and future tenses. Tense Markers: - Past Tense: The past tense is marked by the suffix "-um" added to the verb stem (e.g., "domum" - "I ate"). - Present Tense: The present tense is typically unmarked, using the verb stem alone (e.g., "dom" - "I eat"). - Future Tense: The future tense is indicated by the suffix "-et" added to the verb stem (e.g., "domet" - "I will eat").
Verb Conjugation: - URSPEECH verbs are conjugated for tense, person, and number. - For example, the verb "dom" (to eat) conjugates as follows: - Present: - "dom" (I eat) - "doms" (you eat) - "doma" (he/she/it eats) - Past: - "domum" (I ate) - "domus" (you ate) - "domua" (he/she/it ate) - Future: - "domet" (I will eat) - "domets" (you will eat) - "dometa" (he/she/it will eat)
Aspectual Markers: - URSPEECH also uses aspectual markers to indicate ongoing or completed actions. - For example, the suffix "-an" may indicate ongoing or habitual actions (e.g., "doman" - "I am eating" or "I eat regularly"). - The suffix "-at" can indicate completed actions (e.g., "domat" - "I have eaten").
Tense-Aspect Combinations: - Tense and aspect markers can be combined to convey nuanced meanings. For instance: - "dometan" could mean "I will be eating" (future + ongoing). - "domumat" could mean "I had eaten" (past + completed).
Use of Adverbs: - Adverbs can further specify or modify the timing of actions in URSPEECH sentences. - Common adverbs include "nud" (now), "yeri" (yesterday), "morat" (tomorrow), and "often" (sankem).
Irregular Verbs: - URSPEECH may have irregular verbs that do not follow the standard tense conjugation patterns. Learners need to memorize these irregular forms.
Future in the Past: - To express the future from a past perspective, URSPEECH often uses a combination of the past tense and future tense markers (e.g., "domum et" - "I would eat").
These tense rules provide a framework for understanding how URSPEECH conveys temporal information through verb conjugation and aspectual markers. You can expand upon these rules and introduce more complex tense aspects, if desired, to add depth to your conlang.

Sentence Structure

Sentence Structure Rules for URSPEECH
Word Order: - URSPEECH typically follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order, where the subject appears first, followed by the object, and then the verb. - For example, "Hwérān yuwmām domet" translates to "The cat (subject) the mouse (object) is chasing (verb)."
Modifiers: - Adjectives generally follow the noun they modify. For instance, "domu yuwmām kwékṛ" means "the small mouse (lit. mouse small)."
Subordination: - Subordinate clauses often precede the main clause. For example, "Hwérān, yuwmām domet, dárkaw rēḱti" translates to "When the cat is chasing, the dog barks."
Questions: - Yes-no questions are formed by adding a question particle "kyú" at the beginning of the sentence. For example, "Kyú hwérān yuwmām domet?" means "Is the cat chasing the mouse?" - Wh-questions are formed similarly but use appropriate question words like "hwér" (where), "kwéti" (what), or "kwékān" (how).
Negation: - Negation is often achieved by adding the particle "nē" before the verb. For instance, "Nē domet" means "I do not eat."
Relative Clauses: - Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns like "hwan" (who/which) and typically follow the noun they modify. For example, "Hwérān, yuwmām hwan domet rūbṛ" means "The cat that is chasing the mouse is brown."
Coordination: - Coordinating conjunctions like "ye" (and), "awer" (but), and "oṛ" (or) are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.
Emphasis: - URSPEECH allows flexibility in word order for emphasis. Placing an element at the beginning or end of a sentence can emphasize it. For example, "Domet yuwmām hwérān" emphasizes "chasing."
Direct and Indirect Speech: - URSPEECH often uses different sentence structures for direct and indirect speech. Direct speech is usually enclosed in quotation marks and can maintain the original word order.
Sentence Intonation: - Rising intonation at the end of a sentence can indicate a question or uncertainty, while falling intonation typically denotes statements.
These sentence structure rules outline the typical structure and features of URSPEECH sentences, including word order, modifiers, subordination, and more. You can further develop and refine these rules based on the specific nuances and complexities of your conlang.

Adjective Order

Adjective Order Rules for URSPEECH
Basic Rule: - In URSPEECH, adjectives are generally placed before the noun they modify.
Adjective Categories: - Adjectives in URSPEECH are categorized into three main types: descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative.
Order of Adjective Types: - Adjectives are arranged in a specific order when multiple adjectives are used to modify a noun. The order is as follows: 1. Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives describe the inherent qualities or characteristics of the noun (e.g., size, shape, color). 2. Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives indicate quantity, number, or amount (e.g., number, few, many). 3. Qualitative Adjectives: These adjectives express the subjective or evaluative qualities of the noun (e.g., beautiful, tasty, important).
Examples: - "Hwérān rūbṛ kwékṛ yuwmām" (lit. "The brown small mouse"): The order follows the rule with descriptive, quantitative, and then qualitative adjectives. - "Gātān lārǵ wóṛm" (lit. "A long green worm"): This example also follows the descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative order.
Exceptions: - There may be exceptions based on context or poetic license, but the default order is as described above.
Adjective Placement: - Adjectives can be placed before the noun they modify, as well as after the noun in certain cases for emphasis or stylistic variation.
Coordination of Adjectives: - When multiple adjectives of the same type are used together, they are coordinated with coordinating conjunctions. For example, "lārǵ ye sōft hwan." (lit. "Long and soft dog.")
Superlative and Comparative Forms: - Superlative and comparative forms of adjectives can be added before or after the adjective, depending on emphasis and style. For example, "the biggest mountain" can be expressed as "hwan bíǵṛest" or "bíǵṛest hwan."
Placement of Adverbs: - Adverbs that modify adjectives typically come before the adjective. For example, "very tall tree" can be expressed as "véry tāl deːkw."
Poetic and Stylistic Freedom: - URSPEECH allows for some flexibility in adjective order for stylistic variation and poetic expression.
These rules provide a structured guideline for ordering adjectives in URSPEECH sentences based on their type and function. You can adapt and expand upon these rules as needed for your conlang.

Structural Markers

Structural Marker Rules for URSPEECH
Punctuation: - URSPEECH uses the following punctuation marks: - Period (.): Used to mark the end of a declarative sentence or statement. - Question Mark (?): Used at the end of a question. - Comma (,): Used to separate items in a list, clauses, or to indicate a pause. - Exclamation Mark (!): Used to indicate strong emotion or emphasis. - Colon (:): Used before introducing a list or elaboration. - Semicolon (;): Used to connect closely related independent clauses. - Quotation Marks (""): Used to enclose direct speech or quoted text. - Parentheses (()): Used to enclose additional or explanatory information.
Conjunctions: - URSPEECH employs coordinating conjunctions to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. Common conjunctions include "ye" (and), "awer" (but), "oṛ" (or), and "naw" (nor). - Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce subordinate clauses. For example, "hwan" (who/which), "kyú" (when), and "kwa" (because).
Sentence Structure Markers: - URSPEECH may use sentence-initial markers to signal the beginning of a new sentence or clause. Common markers include "anew" (now), "hwen" (when), and "tus" (thus). - Sentence-final markers like "tēk" (therefore), "ḱau" (however), and "afru" (indeed) can signal the conclusion or contrast in a sentence.
Quotative Markers: - When reporting speech or thoughts, URSPEECH often uses quotative markers like "séz" (said), "tʰaṛ" (thought), or "wōṛdum" (word).
Interjections: - Interjections such as "oh," "ah," "yes," and "no" are used to express emotions or reactions in URSPEECH sentences.
Elision and Abbreviation: - URSPEECH may use elision and abbreviation to shorten common phrases or words in informal speech. For instance, "I am" may become "I'm" in casual conversation.
Bracketing: - Square brackets [ ] are used for editorial comments, clarifications, or insertions within a quoted text.
Evidential Markers: - URSPEECH may employ evidential markers to indicate the source or manner of obtaining information. These markers can appear before or after verbs and include "wī" (witnessed), "tʰi" (hearsay), and "aṛk" (deduction).
Discourse Markers: - URSPEECH uses discourse markers like "sō" (so), "fōr" (for example), and "tʰew" (then) to organize and connect ideas in longer discourse or written texts.
These structural marker rules provide a framework for using punctuation, conjunctions, and other elements to organize and convey meaning in URSPEECH sentences and discourse. You can adapt and expand upon these rules as needed for your conlang.

Dictionary

63 Words.

Successor Languages

• Primordial Language
• Supernal

Common Phrases

Common Phrases in URSPEECH (Creator Race Language)
1. "Áltsar domum pálrat." (The universe is created by us.) 2. "Śūkwāz duhm tʰeːkśīt." (In creation, we find purpose.) 3. "Hwérān tʰew, rūbṛ soːl sākrat." (The cat, the brown sun's creation.) 4. "Kwékān tʰeːk kweyḱwis?" (What is the purpose of life?) 5. "Yéndim yuwmām." (The mouse is our child.) 6. "Naw héltṛer." (We are the creators.) 7. "Domum lārǵ kaw." (Eat, grow, create.) 8. "Tʰew kwārśim rēḱti." (Then, we shall see truth.) 9. "Só tʰaṛ dēkwam." (As thought shapes reality.) 10. "Yuwmām hwan wóṛm." (The mouse of the earth.)

Common Female Names

Hwérān Yūwḿa Māyān Wālda Līsā Pátrīs Kwāntān Élīzā Rēgīn Śarā

Common Male Names

Dómán Yūlmán Kārlos Pētrūs Hárrī Mīkāl Jánus Ándrū Léwī Sāmúl

Common Unisex Names

Tāylor Álex Jāmí Rēnn Kéndal Ārī Cāsper Lāurēn Sāmī Pārís

Common Family Names

Āndrūsón Lēwīson Rēgīnér Hārtmān Pétrov Wāldsmīth Jónsdóttir Kārlssén Māyér Tāylórsson