Lwilun

Natively known as: lwilun /ˈlwilun/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
na shi mwax mwiki nih tubi na bon nih ncima fenkex ng'o biso
Pronunciation: /na ʃi mwax ˈmwiki nih ˈtubi na bon nih ˈntʃima ˈfenkex ŋo ˈbiso/
Lwilun word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f h j k l m n p r s t w x ŋ ʃ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Stop	p b		t d			k
Fricative		f	s	ʃ		x	h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
tʃ	c
j	y
ŋ	ng'
ɲ	ny
ʃ	sh

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: tin - tin mon /tin mon/ dogs

Articles

Definite	mu /mu/ the
Indefinite	kin /kin/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	nshin /nʃin/ I	na /na/ me
2nd singular	ko /ko/ you	cex /tʃex/ you
3rd singular masc	shi /ʃi/ he, it (masc)	mi /mi/ his, it (masc)
3rd singular fem	lun /lun/ she, it (fem)	wo /wo/ her, it (fem)
1st plural inclusive	nsho /nʃo/ we (including you)	kih /kih/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	e /e/ we (excluding you)	nih /nih/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	i /i/ you all	nshix /nʃix/ you all
3rd plural	ma /ma/ they	fyun /fjun/ them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	ti /ti/ my
2nd singular	na /na/ your
3rd singular masc	nih /nih/ his
3rd singular fem	nu /nu/ her
1st plural inclusive	ni /ni/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	wa /wa/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	ma /ma/ your (pl)
3rd plural	poh /poh/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Future
1st person	Prefix i- ibila /iˈbila/ (I/we) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix il- Else: Prefix ile- ilebila /ˌileˈbila/ (I/we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix ip- Else: Prefix ipa- ipabila /ˌipaˈbila/ (I/we) will learn
2nd person	Prefix tʃa- cabila /tʃaˈbila/ (you/you all) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix el- Else: Prefix ela- elabila /ˌelaˈbila/ (you/you all) learned	Prefix a- abila /aˈbila/ (you/you all) will learn
3rd person	Prefix ku- kubila /kuˈbila/ (he/she/it/they) learn(s)	If starts with vowel: Prefix tʃ- Else: Prefix tʃa- cabila /tʃaˈbila/ (he/she/it/they) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwo- kwobila /kwoˈbila/ (he/she/it/they) will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Lwilun uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix pi- pibila /piˈbila/ have learned

Numbers

Lwilun has a base-12 number system:
1 - no
2 - wo
3 - fyan
4 - ka
5 - tu
6 - fya
7 - nsha
8 - ba
9 - walin
10 - ri
11 - kih
12 - on
144 - nshalu
1728 - neken

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -uh
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋi
Else: Suffix -iŋi
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x
Else: Suffix -ix
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h
Else: Suffix -ah
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -e
Noun to verb = Suffix -en
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Tending to = Suffix -a
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -la
Else: Suffix -ala
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -an
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -a
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h
Else: Suffix -eh
Diminutive = Prefix u-
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h
Else: Suffix -ih

Dictionary

3110 Words.