Khimandian

Natively known as: khimand /kˀʰiˈmand/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ndad ma hot ḓeles kur id ndad ana kur vhed zwand do swus
Pronunciation: /ndad ma ɦɔtˀ d̪ɛˈɭɛs kˀuɾ id ndad aˈna kˀuɾ βɛd ʐand dɔ ʂus/
Khimandian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b b̪ c d d̪ d͡z d͡ʒ f g j kˀ kˀʰ l̪ m n n̪ pˀ p̪ s t tʰ tˀ t̪ t͡ʃʰ v w ŋ ɦ ɭ ɲ ɾ ʂ ʃ ʐ β

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n̪	n			ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˀ b	b̪ p̪	d̪ t̪	d tʰ tˀ t			c	g kˀʰ kˀ
Affricate				d͡z	t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
Fricative	β	f v		s	ʃ	ʐ ʂ			ɦ
Approximant							j
Tap				ɾ
Lateral approximant			l̪			ɭ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a i u ɔ ɛ

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɔ	o
ɛ	e
β	vh
ʐ	zw
tˀ	t
t͡ʃʰ	tsh
tʰ	th
t̪	ṱ
ʃ	sh
ʂ	sw
ɾ	r
pˀ	o
p̪f	pf
ŋw	ṅw
ɲ	ny
n̪	ṋ
ɭ	l
l̪	ḽ
kˀʰ	kh
kˀ	k
ɦ	h
d͡ʒ	dzh
nd͡z	nz
d̪	ḓ
b̪v	bv

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Definite	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɦ- Else: Prefix ɦa- humi /ɦuˈmi/ the dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix aɭ- Else: Prefix aɭu- alumi /aɭuˈmi/ the dogs
Indefinite	Prefix d̪a- ḓaumi /d̪auˈmi/ a dog	Prefix ɛ- eumi /ɛuˈmi/ some dogs

Articles

Khimandian encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	a /a/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ḓu /d̪u/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ma /ma/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc)
3rd singular fem	maŋg /maŋg/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem)
1st plural	pfu /p̪fu/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	lwi /ɭwi/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	ŋgao /ŋgapˀ/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	vhi /βi/ my
2nd singular	sa /sa/ your
3rd singular masc	kur /kˀuɾ/ his
3rd singular fem	at /atˀ/ her
1st plural	tsha /t͡ʃʰa/ our
2nd plural	jut /jutˀ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	d͡zas /d͡zas/ their

Verbs

Present	Prefix i- inor /iˈnɔɾ/ learn
Past	Prefix ɦi- hinor /ɦiˈnɔɾ/ learned

Khimandian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: us - us nor /us nɔɾ/ will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Khimandian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix ɦa- hanor /ɦaˈnɔɾ/ have learned

Numbers

Khimandian has a base-12 number system:
1 - zwan
2 - thu
3 - mi
4 - zwe
5 - tand
6 - dzhi
7 - tus
8 - d͡zes
9 - jed͡ze
10 - ji
11 - vhar
12 - vhoḓa
144 - lwale
1728 - ac

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix β-
Else: Prefix βɛ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix akˀ-
Else: Prefix akˀɛ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ji-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɭ-
Else: Prefix ɭa-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix tˀɛ-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix β-
Else: Prefix βi-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix tu-
Tending to = Prefix i-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix βɔ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ɦi-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mɔ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʐ-
Else: Prefix ʐa-
Diminutive = Prefix nda-
Augmentative = Prefix i-

Dictionary

3095 Words.