Amoran
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French has a rich vowel inventory, including nasal vowels like /ɑ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /œ̃/, and /ɔ̃/, which are produced with air passing through the nose. Unlike English, French does not have a strong stress system; syllables are generally evenly timed, with stress typically falling on the final syllable of a phrase. French also has liaison, where normally silent final consonants are pronounced when followed by a vowel, such as in les amis ("the friends"), where the normally silent "s" in les is pronounced as /z/ before the vowel in amis.
Consonants:
Stops: /p, t, k/ (voiceless), /b, d, g/ (voiced).
Affricates: /tʃ/ (as in "ch") and /dʒ/ (as in "j").
Fricatives: Voiceless fricatives /f, s, ʃ, x, h/ and voiced fricatives /v, z/.
Nasals: /m, n, ŋ/.
Laterals: /l/ and /ʎ/ (a palatal lateral).
Glottal stops: /ʔ/ is used in some dialects, particularly in word-final position.
Vowels:
A more complex vowel system than Xhosa, with distinction in vowel quality and length:
Short vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/
Long vowels: /aː, eː, iː, oː, uː/
Diphthongs are common: /ai/, /ei/, /oi/, /ui/, etc.
Consonant mutations: Gaelic features initial consonant mutations, where the first consonant of a word can change depending on the grammatical context (e.g., after a preposition or in the possessive form).
Stress: Gaelic tends to stress the first syllable of the word, and it has a pitch accent.
Consonants:
Stops: /p, t, k, b, d, g/ (voiced and voiceless).
Fricatives: Yiddish has a range of fricatives, including /f, v, s, z, ʃ/ (sh), /χ/ (as in the "ch" in "Bach"), and /h/.
Affricates: /ts/ (as in "tz") and /dʒ/ (as in "j").
Nasals: /m, n, ŋ/ (the last one appearing in loanwords or at the end of syllables).
Liquids: /l/ and /r/ (often uvular or alveolar depending on dialect).
Vowels:
Short vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/
Diphthongs: Yiddish has a number of diphthongs such as /ai/, /ei/, /ou/.
Vowel reduction: Unstressed vowels often undergo reduction, particularly to /ə/ (schwa), which can occur in many unstressed syllables.
Stress: Yiddish typically stresses the first syllable of words, though this can vary in compound words or longer words.
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