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Yagupian

As seen in

Natively known as: yǎgǔp /jɑˈgʉp/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
beh za bäd tsiyza bi yǎa beh gawdza ädz bäd mäb chuts he
[alt]
Pronunciation
: /beh ʒa bəd ʦijˈʒa bi jɑˈa beh gɔdˈʒa əʣ bəd məb ʧuʦ he/
Yagupian word order
: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned[/alt]  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d g h j k l m m͡b p q r t w ç ŋ ŋ͡g ɢ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʒ ʝ ʣ ʤ ʦ ʧ χ
↓Manner/Place→ Bilabial Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m ŋ
Stop p b t d k g q ɢ
Affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ
Fricative ʃ ʒ ç ʝ χ ʁ h
Approximant j
Trill r
Lateral approximant l ʎ
Co-articulated phonemes
↓Manner/Place→ Labial-velar
Approximant w
Vowel inventory: a e i o u ɑ ɔ ə ʉ
Front Central Back
High i ʉ u
High-mid e o
Mid ə
Low-mid ɔ
Low a ɑ
Syllable structure: (C)V(C)
Stress pattern
: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants
: b g h j m m͡b q t w ç ŋ ŋ͡g ʁ ʒ ʝ ʦ ʧ χ
Mid-word consonants
: b bj bl br bʁ bʃ d dd dj dm dr dt dw dʒ dʤ g gd gh gk gl gm gr gʒ h hb hd hj hl hr ht hw j jb jd jm jt jʎ jʒ k kd kh kk kl km kr kw kʁ kʃ l lg lk ll lm lr lw lʤ m mg mh mj mt mʃ mʒ m͡b p pj pl pm pp pr pw pʃ q qt r rb rg rh rj rp rr rw rʃ rʒ rʧ t tb td tg tl tm tp tr tç tʁ tʤ w wl ww ç çl ŋ ŋg ŋj ŋk ŋl ŋm ŋp ŋt ŋʝ ŋ͡g ɢ ʁ ʁb ʁg ʁk ʁl ʁw ʁç ʁʃ ʁʒ ʃ ʃb ʃh ʃk ʃl ʃm ʃp ʃr ʎ ʎʎ ʒ ʒb ʒd ʒj ʒl ʒm ʝ ʝj ʣ ʤ ʤl ʤm ʤr ʦ ʦl ʦç ʧ ʧg ʧm χ
Word final consonants
: b d g h k m m͡b p q t w ç ŋ ŋ͡g ɢ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʝ ʣ ʤ ʦ ʧ χ   Spelling rules:
Pronunciation Spelling
ɔ aw
ɑ
ə
ʉ
j y
ʃ sh
ŋ ng
ʒ z
ʤ j
ʣ dz
ʦ ts
ʧ ch
χ kh
ɢ
ʝ
ʁ
ʎ
ç sĥ

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order
: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition
: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have seven cases:
  • Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
  • Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
  • Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
  • Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
  • Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
  • Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
  • Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
Nominative No affix gejlǔ /geˈʤlʉ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative Suffix -o gejlǔo /geˈʤlʉo/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤ Else: Suffix -ɔʤ gejlǔj /geˈʤlʉʤ/ dogʼs
Dative If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ʉb gejlǔb /geˈʤlʉb/ to (the/a) dog
Locative Suffix -i gejlǔi /geˈʤlʉi/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -im gejlǔm /geˈʤlʉm/ from (the/a) dog
Instrumental If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -eh gejlǔh /geˈʤlʉh/ with/using (the/a) dog
Singular No affix gejlǔ /geˈʤlʉ/ dog
Plural If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ Else: Suffix -iχ gejlǔkh /geˈʤlʉχ/ dogs

Articles

Definite Indefinite
Singular qi /qi/ the r̂a /ʁa/ a
Plural gäsĥ /gəç/ the yi /ji/ some
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
  • Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
  • Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:
  • Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
  • Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’
 

Pronouns

1st singular 2nd singular 3rd singular masc 3rd singular fem 1st plural 2nd plural 3rd plural
Nominative häp /həp/ I r̂e /ʁe/ you za /ʒa/ he, it bi /bi/ she, it sĥǎ /çɑ/ we r̂i /ʁi/ you all ba /ba/ they
Accusative sĥaw /çɔ/ me /ɑ/ you khaw /χɔ/ him, it m͡baw /m͡bɔ/ her, it wawsĥ /wɔç/ us tsa /ʦa/ you all hi /hi/ them
Genitive ŷiĝ /ʝiɢ/ mine ng͡gi /ŋ͡gi/ yours bäd /bəd/ his, its ge /ge/ hers, its hǎ /hɑ/ ours mǎ /mɑ/ yours (pl) bog /bog/ theirs
Dative te /te/ to me gǎ /gɑ/ to you zǎts /ʒɑʦ/ to him, at it ta /ta/ to her, at it ha /ha/ to us sĥub /çub/ to you all che /ʧe/ to them
Locative tsek /ʦek/ at me yak /jak/ at you hoĝ /hoɢ/ at him, at it m͡be /m͡be/ at her, at it yǎ /jɑ/ at us sĥa /ça/ at you all hǎts /hɑʦ/ at them
Ablative ng͡gaŷ /ŋ͡gaʝ/ from me hu /hu/ from you qa /qa/ from him, from it tso /ʦo/ from her, from it m͡bap /m͡bap/ from us qäg /qəg/ from you all o /o/ from them
Instrumental go /go/ with/using me ya /ja/ with/using you ǎk /ɑk/ with/using him/it qi /qi/ with/using her/it ŷe /ʝe/ with/using us bo /bo/ with/using you all aw /ɔ/ with/using them

Possessive determiners

1st singular ŷiĝ /ʝiɢ/ my
2nd singular ng͡gi /ŋ͡gi/ your
3rd singular masc bäd /bəd/ his
3rd singular fem ge /ge/ her
1st plural hǎ /hɑ/ our
2nd plural mǎ /mɑ/ your (pl)
3rd plural bog /bog/ their

Verbs

Future Suffix -ɔq bashmiawq /baʃˈmiɔq/ will learn
Yǎgǔpian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
Past Particle before the verb: ʦɔ - tsaw bashmi /ʦɔ baʃˈmi/ learned

Imperfective aspect

  The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Yǎgǔpian uses an affix for imperfective:
Imperfective Suffix -ɑ bashmiǎ /baʃˈmiɑ/ learns/is learning

Numbers

  Yǎgǔpian has a base-10 number system:   1 - hä
2 - yi
3 - sĥidzaw
4 - tsa
5 - tä
6 - tǎ
7 - gihu
8 - ots
9 - i
10 - qingmupu
11 - qingmupu beh hä “ten and one”
100 - hä madz “one hundred”
101 - hä madz beh hä “one hundred and one”
200 - yi madz
1000 - hä ŷe “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -q
Else: Suffix -əq
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj])
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʣ
Else: Suffix -iʣ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj])
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ap
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun])
= Suffix -a
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic)
= Suffix -o
Noun to verb
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -aχ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb])
= Suffix -ʉh
Tending to
= Suffix -um
Verb → noun (the act of [verb])
= Suffix -ə
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge)
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -q
Else: Suffix -iq
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter)
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ͡g
Else: Suffix -aŋ͡g
Place of (e.g. wine → winery)
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʝ
Else: Suffix -eʝ
Diminutive
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -q
Else: Suffix -ɑq
Augmentative
= If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ət

Dictionary

4565 Words.
Common Female Names
Butsla /bʉˈʦlɑ/
Hangga /haŋ͡gˈə/
Khirkat /χiʁˈkat/
Common Male Names
Yashalomb /ʝəˈçɑlom͡b/
Mbak /m͡bək/
Yahlo /jəˈhlo/

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