Sundardac

LANGUAGE FAMILY: TYRILAN
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 150K / #59
SPOKEN IN: Beribon (South) - 150K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: oih ak muu daay oil na oih maaw nɜɜ muu mendl icɔɔ ooh
Pronunciation: ɔɪh æk muː dɑːj ɔɪl nɑ ɔɪh mɑːw nɜː muː mɛndl ˈɪkɔː ʊh

Sundardac word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k kʰ l m n p pʰ r r̥ s t tʰ v w x z ð ŋ ɥ ɬ ɹ ɾ ʂ ʂʰ ʃ ʈ ʍ ʐ ʤ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʨ ʨʰ θ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n					ŋ
Stop	p pʰ b			t tʰ d		ʈ			k kʰ g
Affricate				ʦ ʦʰ	ʧ ʤ		ʨʰ ʨ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ	ʂ ʂʰ ʐ			x	χ	h
Approximant				ɹ				j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r r̥
Lateral fricative				ɬ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, dl, dr, g, gl, gw, h, l, m, ml, mr, ms, n, nr̥, nt, nw, r, rb, rd, rv, rw, rɬ, sg, tbl, v, vj, vl, vn, ð, ðj, ŋ, ɬ, θ, χ, χr
Mid-word consonants: f, j, k, kw, kʰ, l, lj, lw, m, mj, n, nf, nj, nk, nkʰ, nl, nlj, nm, nn, nnj, np, npj, npʰ, ns, nt, ntw, ntʰ, nw, nx, nxj, nxw, nɥ, nʂ, nʈʂ, nʈʂʰ, nʐ, nʦ, nʦʰ, nʨ, nʨj, nʨʰ, nʨʰj, nʨʰw, p, pj, pʰ, s, t, tj, tw, tʰ, w, x, xj, xw, ŋ, ŋf, ŋj, ŋk, ŋkw, ŋkʰw, ŋl, ŋm, ŋmj, ŋn, ŋp, ŋs, ŋt, ŋtj, ŋtʰ, ŋw, ŋx, ŋxj, ŋxw, ŋɥ, ŋʂ, ŋʈʂ, ŋʈʂʰ, ŋʐ, ŋʦ, ŋʦw, ŋʦʰ, ŋʨ, ŋʨj, ŋʨʰ, ŋʨʰj, ɥ, ʂ, ʈʂ, ʈʂʰ, ʐ, ʐtʰ, ʐʦ, ʐʨʰj, ʦ, ʦw, ʦʰ, ʦʰw, ʨ, ʨj, ʨʰ, ʨʰj
Word final consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• h → ∅ / _{sk,st}
• t → d / r_
• d → rs / V_V
• j → ʤ / V_V
• d → r / _#
• h → q / _#
• n → ∅ / _s
• ʧ → ʃ / _C

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt	cked / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	ck
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ow / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	ear
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	ge / _#
ʤ	dg
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	quir
eə	ere
ʦ	ts
aɪ	ie
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
eɪ	ay
ɪə	ia
ɑ	á
x	kh
χ	gh
pʰ	ph
ʂ	ṣ
ʈ	ṭ
ʐ	ẓ
ʨ	chy
ɬ	sĥ
ɾ	r̈
kʰ	k̂
tʰ	t̂
V₁ː	V₁V₁

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix bed /bɛd/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -iːf bediif /ˈbɛdiːf/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix miː- miibed /ˈmiːbɛd/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -ɔɪl bedoil /ˈbɛdɔɪl/ to (the/a) dog

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix lɜɜ /lɜː/ man	No affix ou /aʊ/ woman
Plural	Suffix -ɑ lɜɜa /lɜːˈɑ/ men	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lʊ- lou /laʊ/ women

Articles

Sundardac has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	dou /daʊ/ I	ap /æp/ me	nuu /nuː/ mine	dlid /dlɪd/ to me
2nd singular	giinch /giːnʧ/ you (masc)	miim /miːm/ you	iiy /iːj/ yours	tblɜɜ /tblɜː/ to you
3rd singular masc	ak /æk/ he, it	niim /niːm/ him, it	bii /biː/ his, its	nr̥ak /nr̥æk/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	rba /rbɑ/ she, it	hiip /hiːp/ her, it	ii /iː/ hers, its	in /ɪn/ to her, at it
1st plural	lɔɔm /lɔːm/ we	ou /aʊ/ us	ɔɔ /ɔː/ ours	nii /niː/ to us
2nd plural	ai /aɪ/ you all	iy /ɪj/ you all	uu /uː/ yours (pl)	mii /miː/ to you all
3rd plural masc	oi /ɔɪ/ they (masc)	ey /ɛj/ them (masc)	dlil /dlɪl/ theirs (masc)	dlis /dlɪs/ to them (masc)
3rd plural fem	ghrearn /χrɪən/ they (fem)	ek /ɛk/ them (fem)	erem /ɛəm/ theirs (fem)	hii /hiː/ to them (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	mii /miː/ my
2nd singular	sĥii /ɬiː/ your
3rd singular masc	muu /muː/ his
3rd singular fem	thii /ðiː/ her
1st plural	nuu /nuː/ our
2nd plural	ii /iː/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ay /æj/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	ɔɔs /ɔːz/ their (fem)

Verbs

Present	No affix oom /ʊm/ learn
Past	Prefix ɑː- aaoom /ˈɑːʊm/ learned
Remote past	Suffix -eɪ oomei /ʊˈmeɪ/ learned (long ago)

Sundardac uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: mɛt - met oom /mɛt ʊm/ will learn

Numbers

Sundardac has a base-10 number system:
1 - ɜɜ
2 - ell
3 - mɔɔ
4 - gim
5 - amɔɔ
6 - bii
7 - oik
8 - ɔɔ
9 - nii
10 - ngɔɔ
11 - ngɔɔɜɜ “ten-one”
100 - ɜɜ lan “one hundred”
101 - ɜɜ lan ɜɜ “one hundred one”
200 - ell lan
1000 - ɜɜ enṣaamuu “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -iːk
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mɑ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix nɪ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ʊp
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -iː
Noun to verb = Suffix -ɛə
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɑ
Tending to = Prefix nɛ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɔːt
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɑːk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -iː
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -iː
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix buː-
Augmentative = Suffix -ɑ

Dictionary

4455 Words.