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Havar

LANGUAGE FAMILY: KANNAI   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 300K / #48   SPOKEN IN: Albra (Havar) - 300K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: ca uo trem mstabe uo nnois ca tannhi uo vas ɗinis rumpquius ʧe   Pronunciation: kɐ wɔ trẽ ˈmstabe wɔ nnojs kɐ ˈtanɲi wɔ vɐs ɗĩjs ˈrũpkiwʃ ʧe     Havar word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w z ð ŋ ɓ ɗ ɠ ɣ ɲ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʄ ʤ ʧ θ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalmnɲŋ
Stopp bt dk gq
Implosiveɓɗʄɠ
Affricateʧ ʤ
Fricativef vθ ðs zʃɣʁh
Approximantj
Tapɾ
Trillr
Lateral approximantl
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Approximantw
  Vowel inventory: /a e ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũ ɐ ɐ̃ ɐ̃w̃ ɔ ɛ ɨ/   Diphthongs: ɐ̃w̃  
FrontCentralBack
Highi ĩɨu ũ
High-mide ẽo õ
Low-midɛɔ
Near-lowɐ ɐ̃
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: f, h, j, k, kr, kw, l, m, mb, mbw, mf, mk, ml, mp, mpj, mr, ms, mst, mt, mv, mw, mz, mɠ, mɲ, mʃ, mʄ, mʧ, n, nd, nn, nz, nʤ, nʧ, p, pr, pw, q, r, s, sw, t, tr, v, vj, w, z, ð, ŋg, ɓ, ɓl, ɓw, ɗ, ɠ, ɣ, ɲ, ɲw, ʃ, ʄ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bʤ, d, f, g, h, hk, j, k, kh, kk, ks, kt, kɲ, l, lk, m, mb, ml, mp, n, nd, nk, ns, nt, ntr, nɲ, nʤ, nʧ, p, pk, pt, r, rb, rd, rg, rh, rk, rl, rm, rn, rp, rs, rt, rʤ, rʧ, s, sk, st, str, t, tk, w, ŋ, ŋg, ŋh, ŋk, ŋl, ŋs, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Word final consonants: j, js, jʃ, l, s, w, wʃ, ɲ, ɲs, ɲʃ, ɾ, ʁ, ʃ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • [+velar] → ʔ / _s
  • [+nasal] → n / _{v,k,s}
  • u → o / _p
  • ja → aː / C_
  • e → o / w_ŋ
  • l → n / #_
  • j → ɲ / _[V +nasal]
  • he → ə / _#
  • g → x / _#
  • s → ʃ / i_#
  • w → b / V_V
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
kwqu
kqu / _{i,e,ɛ}
kc
ʎlh
ji
ʒj
ɾr
ʁr
ʃs / _#
ʃs / _C
ʃch
ɲnh
ɐ̃w̃ão
wu
ɨe
ɛe
ɔo
im / _#
im / _{p,b}
in
um / _#
um / _{p,b}
un
em / _#
em / _{p,b}
en
ɐ̃am / _#
ɐ̃am / _{p,b}
ɐ̃an
ɐa
om / _#
im / _{p,b}
on
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

 
MasculineFeminine
SingularNo affix ŋgoio /ˈŋgojo/ man No affix tar /taʁ/ woman
PluralIf starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix so- soŋgoio /ˈsoŋgojo/ men If starts with vowel: Prefix ms- Else: Prefix msɐ̃w̃- msãotar /msɐ̃w̃ˈtaʁ/ women
 

Articles

 
Definitemɠe /mɠɨ/ the
Indefinitemnhe /mɲɨ/ a, some
 

Pronouns

 
1st singularviens /vjẽʃ/ I, me, mine
2nd singulara /ɐ/ you, yours
3rd singular mascuo /wɔ/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular femmfi /mfi/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st pluralmte /mte/ we, us, ours
2nd pluraluous /wɔwʃ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural mascful /ful/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural femmʄam /mʄɐ̃/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularviens /vjẽʃ/ my
2nd singulara /ɐ/ your
3rd singular mascuo /wɔ/ his
3rd singular femmfi /mfi/ her
1st pluralmte /mte/ our
2nd pluraluous /wɔwʃ/ your (pl)
3rd plural mascful /ful/ their (masc)
3rd plural femmʄam /mʄɐ̃/ their (fem)
 

Verbs

 
SingularPlural
PresentPrefix u- umlochi /ˈumlokhi/ (I/you/he/she) learns If starts with vowel: Prefix w- Else: Prefix wɔ- uomlochi /ˈwɔmlokhi/ (we/they) learn
PastIf starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kɐ- camlochi /ˈkɐmlokhi/ (I/you/he/she) learned If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɛ- semlochi /sɛˈmlokhi/ (we/they) learned
Remote pastIf starts with vowel: Prefix mɲ- Else: Prefix mɲɨ- mnhemlochi /ˈmɲɨmlokhi/ (I/you/he/she) learned (long ago) If starts with vowel: Prefix ʄ- Else: Prefix ʄɛ- ʄemlochi /ʄɛˈmlokhi/ (we/they) learned (long ago)
  Havar uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: mɠɨ - mɠe mlochi /mɠɨ ˈmlokhi/ will learn
 

Numbers

  Havar has a base-20 number system:   1 - suos
2 - iunis
3 - mbuu
4 - mstato
5 - ðunnʤãorgem
6 - trom
7 - quanh
8 - ia
9 - mbonr
10 - nda
11 - ʄoŋo
12 - suenra
13 - tanar
14 - nʤaba
15 - uenstra
16 - tastra
17 - zara
18 - mloʧo
19 - ndurpe
20 - uani
21 - uani ca suos “twenty and one”
400 - suos vienme “one fourhundred”
401 - suos vienme suos “one fourhundred one”
800 - iunis vienme “two fourhundred”
8000 - suos sorʧenh “one eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Prefix mte-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ŋgo-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ɠɛ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kɐ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix e-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɛ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix u-
Tending to = Prefix kwa-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix u-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix θ- Else: Prefix θɐ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pɐ̃-
Diminutive = Prefix mlo-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix mk- Else: Prefix mkẽ-

Dictionary

4447 Words.

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