Natuy
Phonology
Consonant inventory: / b bj bl bʁ d dw dɥ dʁ dʁw f fw fʁ g gz gʁ j k kn ksj kspl kt ktɥ kw kʁ kʁw l lj lk lm lw lɥ lʒ m mj mw n p pl pt pw pɥ pʁ s sj st stj sw sɥ sʁ t tfw ts tɥ tʁ tʁw v vj vw vʁ z zj ɲ ʁ ʁfw ʁj ʁm ʁnj ʁs ʁsk ʁt ʁv ʁʃ ʃ ʃw ʒ ʒɥ/
↓Manner/Place→ Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Stop p b t d k g
Nasal m n ɲ
Affricate ts
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ ʁ
Approximant j
Lateral approximant l
Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø œ œ̃ ɑ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ə ɛ ɛ̃/
Diphthongs: None ?
Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ?
Word initial consonants: b, bj, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fw, fʁ, g, gʁ, k, kw, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, p, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sw, sɥ, sʁ, t, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, ʁ, ʁj, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, d, dɥ, f, g, gz, gʁ, j, k, kn, ksj, kspl, kt, ktɥ, l, lj, lm, lɥ, lʒ, m, mj, n, p, pt, pɥ, s, sj, stj, sɥ, t, tfw, tɥ, v, vj, vw, vʁ, z, zj, ʁ, ʁfw, ʁj, ʁnj, ʁs, ʁt, ʁv, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʒ
Word final consonants: bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, fʁ, j, k, l, lk, lʒ, m, n, p, pl, pʁ, s, st, t, ts, tʁ, v, vʁ, z, ɲ, ʁ, ʁm, ʁs, ʁsk, ʁt, ʁʃ, ʒ
Phonological rules (in order of application): ?
Guide to phonological rules: e → i / _g means ‘e’ turns into ‘i’ before a ‘g’.
C = consonant, V = vowel, S = stop, N = nasal consonant, F = fricative, K = velar, L = lateral, R = resonant/sonorant, P = labial/bilabial E = front vowel, B = back vowel, # = word boundary, Ø = null/nothing
i → e / _m
Morphology
Noun morphology
?
Singular Plural
Nominative man bu /bø/ men Prefix: s(e)- /s(ɛ)-/
sebu /sɛˈbø/
Accusative man Prefix: b(u)- /b(y)-/
bubu /byˈbø/ men Prefix: f(u)- /f(y)-/
fubu /fyˈbø/
Definite article
?
Singular Plural
Nominative the [man] o /ɔ/ the [men] œk /œk/
Accusative the [man] œt /œt/ the [men] at /at/
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
• Definite article can be omitted
Example: ‘I am going to jacuzzi’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’
Indefinite article
?
Singular Plural
Nominative a [man] to /tɔ/ some [men] vror /vʁɔʁ/
Accusative a [man] gor /gɔʁ/ some [men] gaz /gaz/
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: Prefix: sw(e)- /sw(ɛ)-/
Adjective → noun: Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
Noun → verb: Prefix: o- /o-/
Verb → noun: Prefix: å- /ə-/
Verb → adjective: Prefix: u- /ø-/
Adjective → adverb: Prefix: l(u)- /l(y)-/
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): Prefix: fwi- /fwi-/
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Prefix: u- /ø-/
Diminutive: Prefix: f(å)- /f(ə)-/
Augmentative: Prefix: gri- /gʁi-/
Syntax
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
Vocabulary
Personal pronouns
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
1st.sg I dwo /dwɔ/ me dwo /dwɔ/ mine us dwo /us dwɔ/ to me us dwo /øs dwɔ/
2nd.sg you ik /ik/ you if /if/ yours us ik /us ik/ to you us ik /øs ik/
3rd.sg he/she/it zhor /ʒoʁ/ him/her/it zhur /ʒuʁ/ his/hers/its us zhor /us ʒoʁ/ to him/her/it us zhor /øs ʒoʁ/
1st.pl we a /a/ us a /a/ ours us a /us a/ to us us a /øs a/
2nd.pl you so /sɔ/ you sä /sɑ/ yours us so /us sɔ/ to you us so /øs sɔ/
3rd.pl they mo /mɔ/ them motr /mɔtʁ/ theirs us mo /us mɔ/ to them us mo /øs mɔ/
Verbs
Indicative mood
Past Present Future
Perfective studied study will study
1st.sg Prefix: pu- /py-/
puä̃rupr /pyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: s(õ)- /s(ɔ̃)-/
sä̃rupr /sɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
2nd.sg Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: u- /u-/
uä̃rupr /uˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/
oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
3rd.sg Prefix: l(o)- /l(ɔ)-/
lä̃rupr /lɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: pl(œ)- /pl(œ)-/
plä̃rupr /plɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: lœ- /lœ-/
lœä̃rupr /lœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
1st.pl Prefix: vu- /vy-/
vuä̃rupr /vyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(œ)- /p(œ)-/
pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/
oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
2nd.pl Prefix: dœ- /dœ-/
dœä̃rupr /dœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(å)- /p(ə)-/
pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /o-/
oä̃rupr /oˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
3rd.pl Prefix: v(o)- /v(o)-/
vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: å- /ə-/
åä̃rupr /əˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: v(œ̃)- /v(œ̃)-/
vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/
Perfect aspect
‘have studied’
Uses the word for ‘finish’ before main verb.
Progressive aspect
‘am studying’
Uses the particle suzh /søʒ/ before main verb.
Imperative
‘study!’ (as a command)
First person: Prefix: u- /u-/
Second person: Prefix: g(ä)- /g(ɑ)-/
Negation
Uses the auxiliary verb uy /yj/ before main verb.
‘Auxiliary’ meaning that this verb is conjugated (e.g. tense) while the main verb is not.
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: Prefix: sw(e)- /sw(ɛ)-/
Adjective → noun: Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
Noun → verb: Prefix: o- /o-/
Verb → noun: Prefix: å- /ə-/
Verb → adjective: Prefix: u- /ø-/
Adjective → adverb: Prefix: l(u)- /l(y)-/
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): Prefix: fwi- /fwi-/
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Prefix: u- /ø-/
Diminutive: Prefix: f(å)- /f(ə)-/
Augmentative: Prefix: gri- /gʁi-/
Phonetics
Personal pronouns
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
1st.sg I dwo /dwɔ/ me dwo /dwɔ/ mine us dwo /us dwɔ/ to me us dwo /øs dwɔ/
2nd.sg you ik /ik/ you if /if/ yours us ik /us ik/ to you us ik /øs ik/
3rd.sg he/she/it zhor /ʒoʁ/ him/her/it zhur /ʒuʁ/ his/hers/its us zhor /us ʒoʁ/ to him/her/it us zhor /øs ʒoʁ/
1st.pl we a /a/ us a /a/ ours us a /us a/ to us us a /øs a/
2nd.pl you so /sɔ/ you sä /sɑ/ yours us so /us sɔ/ to you us so /øs sɔ/
3rd.pl they mo /mɔ/ them motr /mɔtʁ/ theirs us mo /us mɔ/ to them us mo /øs mɔ/
Verbs
Indicative mood
Past Present Future
Perfective studied study will study
1st.sg Prefix: pu- /py-/
puä̃rupr /pyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: s(õ)- /s(ɔ̃)-/
sä̃rupr /sɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
2nd.sg Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: u- /u-/
uä̃rupr /uˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/
oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
3rd.sg Prefix: l(o)- /l(ɔ)-/
lä̃rupr /lɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: pl(œ)- /pl(œ)-/
plä̃rupr /plɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: lœ- /lœ-/
lœä̃rupr /lœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
1st.pl Prefix: vu- /vy-/
vuä̃rupr /vyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(œ)- /p(œ)-/
pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/
oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
2nd.pl Prefix: dœ- /dœ-/
dœä̃rupr /dœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(å)- /p(ə)-/
pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /o-/
oä̃rupr /oˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/
3rd.pl Prefix: v(o)- /v(o)-/
vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: å- /ə-/
åä̃rupr /əˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: v(œ̃)- /v(œ̃)-/
vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/
Perfect aspect
‘have studied’
Uses the word for ‘finish’ before main verb.
Progressive aspect
‘am studying’
Uses the particle suzh /søʒ/ before main verb.
Imperative
‘study!’ (as a command)
First person: Prefix: u- /u-/
Second person: Prefix: g(ä)- /g(ɑ)-/
Negation
Uses the auxiliary verb uy /yj/ before main verb.
‘Auxiliary’ meaning that this verb is conjugated (e.g. tense) while the main verb is not.
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: Prefix: sw(e)- /sw(ɛ)-/
Adjective → noun: Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/
Noun → verb: Prefix: o- /o-/
Verb → noun: Prefix: å- /ə-/
Verb → adjective: Prefix: u- /ø-/
Adjective → adverb: Prefix: l(u)- /l(y)-/
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): Prefix: fwi- /fwi-/
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Prefix: u- /ø-/
Diminutive: Prefix: f(å)- /f(ə)-/
Augmentative: Prefix: gri- /gʁi-/
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