Qisen

Natively known as: qise /ˈqiːse/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
šašt bi ki rera xāvʾ keye šašt ki ziqāp zālā teqdorbid juʾd ber
Pronunciation: /ʃæʃt biː kiː ˈreræ xɒːvʔ ˈkeje ʃæʃt kiː ˈziːqɒːp ˈzɒːlɒː teqˈdorbiːd ʤuːʔd ber/
Qisen word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v x z ɣ ʃ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	b p		d t			k g	q	ʔ
Affricate				ʤ ʧ
Fricative		v f	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ		h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: e iː o uː æ ɒː

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
High-mid	e	o
Near-low	æ
Low		ɒː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʔ	ʾ
j	y
ʤ	j
ʧ	č
ʒ	ž
ʃ	š
ɣ	q
æ	a
ɒː	ā
uː	u
iː	i

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man is in town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: fɒː - fā ʾol /fɒː ʔol/ dogs

Nominative	No affix ʾol /ʔol/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Prefix æ- aʾol /ˈæʔol/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix dæ- daʾol /ˈdæʔol/ dogʼs
Dative	If starts with vowel: Prefix enb- Else: Prefix enbæ- enbaʾol /enˈbæʔol/ to dog
Locative	Prefix iː- iʾol /ˈiːʔol/ near/at/by dog
Ablative	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix ge- geʾol /ˈgeʔol/ from dog
Instrumental	If starts with vowel: Prefix exs- Else: Prefix exsæ- exsaʾol /exˈsæʔol/ with/using dog

Definite	No affix ʾol /ʔol/ the dog
Indefinite	If starts with vowel: Prefix æxtʃ- Else: Prefix æxtʃæ- axtšaʾol /æxtˈʃæʔol/ a/some dog

Articles

Qisen encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular masc	3rd singular fem	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Nominative	mu /muː/ I	žmimʾ /ʒmiːmʔ/ you	bi /biː/ he, it (masc)	qa /qæ/ she, it (fem)	no /no/ we	buz /buːz/ you all	ma /mæ/ they
Accusative	saj /sæʤ/ me	pān /pɒːn/ you	ni /niː/ his, it (masc)	ʾa /ʔæ/ her, it (fem)	mo /mo/ us	rang /ræng/ you all	ji /ʤiː/ them
Genitive	čo /ʧo/ mine	še /ʃe/ yours	beng /beng/ his, its (masc)	qā /qɒː/ hers, its (fem)	rahr /ræhr/ ours	me /me/ yours (pl)	do /do/ theirs
Dative	žā /ʒɒː/ to me	xar /xær/ to you	joh /ʤoh/ to his, to it (masc)	fa /fæ/ to her, to it (fem)	yo /jo/ to us	ča /ʧæ/ to you all	yārg /jɒːrg/ to them
Locative	ba /bæ/ to me	qund /ɣuːnd/ to you	za /zæ/ to his, to it (masc)	mā /mɒː/ to her, to it (fem)	ger /ger/ to us	ta /tæ/ to you all	grayr /græjr/ to them
Ablative	forg /forg/ from me	nāmʾ /nɒːmʔ/ from you	ra /ræ/ from his, from it (masc)	bo /bo/ from her, from it (fem)	rā /rɒː/ from us	xāb /xɒːb/ from you all	vi /viː/ from them
Instrumental	xa /xæ/ with/using me	žeš /ʒeʃ/ with/using you	qezv /ɣezv/ with/using his, with/using it (masc)	žand /ʒænd/ with/using her, with/using it (fem)	če /ʧe/ with/using us	bā /bɒː/ with/using you all	lars /lærs/ with/using them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	žig /ʒiːg/ my
2nd singular	ka /kæ/ your
3rd singular masc	ki /kiː/ his
3rd singular fem	rivr /riːvr/ her
1st plural	fi /fiː/ our
2nd plural	ba /bæ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ho /ho/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix žo /ʒo/ learn
Past	Prefix æ- ažo /ˈæʒo/ learned

Qisen uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: piːst - pist žo /piːst ʒo/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Qisen uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: suː - su žo /suː ʒo/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Qisen uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pɒː- pāžo /ˈpɒːʒo/ learns

Numbers

Qisen has a base-20 number system:
1 - mā
2 - and
3 - tu
4 - čārk
5 - la
6 - ko
7 - ža
8 - hox
9 - fanho
10 - si
11 - nu
12 - til
13 - čārn
14 - tā
15 - xo
16 - aʾ
17 - qay
18 - ijust
19 - maka
20 - yoq
400 - gajer
8000 - keqya

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix z-
Else: Prefix zɒː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʔɒː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix hæ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix æ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix o-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix f-
Else: Prefix fɒː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gæ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʒm-
Else: Prefix ʒmɒː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jo-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix po-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʃiː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ-
Else: Prefix ʃæ-
Diminutive = Prefix ʔuː-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gæ-

Dictionary

3101 Words.