Norsken

Natively known as: eurgarr /ʉːrˈgarr/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
bry svökt sho nynd jo bjyd bry ji jo dyjf sjo dri blöft
Pronunciation: /brʏ svœkt ʃɔ nʏnd jɔ bjʏd brʏ ʤɪ jɔ dʏjf ɧʊ driː blœft/
Norsken word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w ð ŋ ɧ ʃ ʤ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f v	ð	s	ʃ			h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Sj-sound
Fricative		ɧ
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a eː iː oː uː yː œ ɑː ɔ ɛ ɛː ɪ ʉː ʊ ʏ

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː yː	ʉː	uː
Near-high	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː œ		ɔ
Low	a		ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä
øː	ö
œ	ö
oː	å
ɔ	o
yː	y
ʏ	y
ʉː	eu
ɵ	u
ʊ	o
uː	u
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɑː	a
ð	th
ŋ	ng
ɧ	sj
ʃ	sh
ʤ	j
C₁C₁	C₁ / _j

---

Grammar

Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix skrå /skroː/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -jf Else: Suffix -iːjf skråjf /skroːjf/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -ɛnd skråänd /skroːˈɛnd/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -yːg skråyg /skroːˈyːg/ to (the/a) dog

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ö /œ/ the	klo /klʊ/ a
Plural	i /iː/ the	fy /fʏ/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	sjod /ɧʊd/ I	skep /skeːp/ me	slog /slɔg/ mine	spry /sprʏ/ to me
2nd singular	ö /œ/ you	jylm /jyːlm/ you	meu /mʉː/ yours	try /tryː/ to you
3rd singular masc	sho /ʃɔ/ he, it	klä /klɛː/ him, it	lä /lɛ/ his, its	sjath /ɧað/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	bjup /bjuːp/ she, it	ba /bɑː/ her, it	di /diː/ hers, its	bormt /bɔrmt/ to her, at it
1st plural inclusive	la /la/ we (including you)	sva /sva/ us (including you)	bjåjf /bjoːjf/ ours (including you)	smä /smɛː/ to us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	bleu /blʉː/ we (excluding you)	da /dɑː/ us (excluding you)	ags /ags/ ours (excluding you)	bikt /bɪkt/ to us (excluding you)
2nd plural	sji /ɧɪ/ you all	däl /dɛl/ you all	rä /rɛː/ yours (pl)	go /gʊ/ to you all
3rd plural	fi /fiː/ they	glekk /gleːkk/ them	frab /frab/ theirs	bleurr /blʉːrr/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bjeu /bjʉː/ my
2nd singular	im /iːm/ your
3rd singular masc	jo /jɔ/ his
3rd singular fem	thål /ðoːl/ her
1st plural inclusive	ne /neː/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	fy /fʏ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	ed /eːd/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tha /ða/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past	Future
1st singular	Suffix -oːjf dilvåjf /dɪlˈvoːjf/ (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ɪt dilvit /dɪlˈvɪt/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -am dilvam /dɪlˈvam/ (I) learned (long ago)	Suffix -ʏlm dilvylm /dɪlˈvʏlm/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -kt Else: Suffix -iːkt dilvikt /dɪlˈviːkt/ (you) learn	Suffix -aŋn dilvangn /dɪlˈvaŋn/ (you) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ld Else: Suffix -ald dilvald /dɪlˈvald/ (you) learned (long ago)	Suffix -a dilva /dɪlˈva/ (you) will learn
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -oːl dilvål /dɪlˈvoːl/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -eːn dilven /dɪlˈveːn/ (he/she/it) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lm Else: Suffix -uːlm dilvulm /dɪlˈvuːlm/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago)	Suffix -ɑː dilva /dɪlˈvɑː/ (he/she/it) will learn
1st plural inclusive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -eːl dilvel /dɪlˈveːl/ (we) learn (including you)	Suffix -iː dilvi /dɪlˈviː/ (we) learned (including you)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ls Else: Suffix -ɑːls dilvals /dɪlˈvɑːls/ (we) learned (including you) (long ago)	Suffix -œ dilvö /dɪlˈvœ/ (we) will learn (including you)
1st plural exclusive	Suffix -ɑːft dilvaft /dɪlˈvɑːft/ (we) learn (excluding you)	Suffix -yː dilvy /dɪlˈvyː/ (we) learned (excluding you)	Suffix -uːjf dilvujf /dɪlˈvuːjf/ (we) learned (excluding you) (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lt Else: Suffix -ɛlt dilvält /dɪlˈvɛlt/ (we) will learn (excluding you)
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -gs Else: Suffix -ɪgs dilvigs /dɪlˈvɪgs/ (you all) learn	Suffix -ɛkk dilväkk /dɪlˈvɛkk/ (you all) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ft Else: Suffix -eːft dilveft /dɪlˈveːft/ (you all) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ak dilvak /dɪlˈvak/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -yːb dilvyb /dɪlˈvyːb/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛːn dilvän /dɪlˈvɛːn/ (they) learned	Suffix -ab dilvab /dɪlˈvab/ (they) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -yːl dilvyl /dɪlˈvyːl/ (they) will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Norsken uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: ɑː - a dilv /ɑː dɪlv/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Norsken uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

If ends with vowel: Suffix -gs Else: Suffix -uːgs dilvugs /dɪlˈvuːgs/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Norsken uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -ɑːlp dilvalp /dɪlˈvɑːlp/ have learned

Numbers

Norsken has a base-10 number system:
1 - bra
2 - thå
3 - lulug
4 - fa
5 - a
6 - snä
7 - kla
8 - ki
9 - kve
10 - gri
Hundred - fard
Thousand - sprarmt

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt
Else: Suffix -ʏnt
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -yː
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -uːst
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rt
Else: Suffix -iːrt
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -oː
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nsk
Else: Suffix -ʊnsk
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ans
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -eːg
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ʊrmt
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ʊrl
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɛː
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jf
Else: Suffix -ɛjf
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kk
Else: Suffix -eːkk
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -eːd

Dictionary

3130 Words.