Khrésydan

Natively known as: khrésydan /kʰrɛːˈsydaːn/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
e strad plo kho tro klia e ys stran plo bar khrer ne
Pronunciation: /eː straːd pʰlo kʰo tro kliːˈa eː ys straːn pʰlo bar kʰrer ne/
Khrésydan word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d g k kʰ l m n p pʰ r s t tʰ z

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal	m	n
Stop	b p pʰ	d t tʰ	g k kʰ
Fricative		s z
Trill		r
Lateral approximant		l

Vowel inventory: a aː e eː i iː o oː y yː ɔː ɛː

	Front	Back
High	i iː y yː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low-mid	ɛː	ɔː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛː	é
ɔː	ó
kʰ	kh
ʰ
ː

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have five cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man is in town.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: splen - splen ben /splen beːn/ dogs

Nominative	No affix ben /beːn/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -leː Else: Suffix -yleː benyle /beːˈnyleː/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ɛːd benéd /beːˈnɛːd/ dogʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -aːd benad /beːˈnaːd/ to dog
Locative	Suffix -il benil /beːˈnil/ near/at/by dog

Articles

Definite	os /oːs/ the
Indefinite	é /ɛː/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative
1st singular	ta /ta/ I	od /od/ me	bó /bɔː/ mine	pa /pʰa/ to me	gli /gliː/ to me
2nd singular	do /doː/ you	gro /groː/ you	pla /pla/ yours	in /in/ to you	os /oːs/ to you
3rd singular	strad /straːd/ he, she, it	més /mɛːs/ his, her, it	es /es/ his, hers, its	bar /bar/ to his, to her, to it	is /iːs/ to his, to her, to it
1st plural	kral /kral/ we	be /beː/ us	bre /bre/ ours	da /da/ to us	in /iːn/ to us
2nd plural	khlo /kʰlo/ you all	khrin /kʰriːn/ you all	to /toː/ yours (pl)	bled /bled/ to you all	tón /tʰɔːn/ to you all
3rd plural	stré /strɛː/ they	splad /splad/ them	spla /spla/ theirs	a /a/ to them	tli /tʰli/ to them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	pli /pʰliː/ my
2nd singular	i /i/ your
3rd singular	plo /pʰlo/ his, her, its
1st plural	prid /pʰriːd/ our
2nd plural	be /be/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tra /tʰraː/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	Suffix -a alela /aˈlela/ (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -aːl alelal /aˈlelaːl/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -el alelel /aˈlelel/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -yːr alelyr /aˈlelyːr/ (you) learn	Suffix -iːl alelil /aˈleliːl/ (you) learned	Suffix -yr alelyr /aˈlelyr/ (you) will learn
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -eːn alelen /aˈleleːn/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -iːs alelis /aˈleliːs/ (he/she/it) learned	Suffix -oː alelo /aˈleloː/ (he/she/it) will learn
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːn alelan /aˈlelaːn/ (we) learn	Suffix -oːd alelod /aˈleloːd/ (we) learned	Suffix -ɔːs alelós /aˈlelɔːs/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	Suffix -ɔːr alelór /aˈlelɔːr/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -yːn alelyn /aˈlelyːn/ (you all) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -noː Else: Suffix -aːnoː alelano /aˈlelaːˌnoː/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural	Suffix -ɛːl alelél /aˈlelɛːl/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ɛːr alelér /aˈlelɛːr/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɔːn alelón /aˈlelɔːn/ (they) will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Khrésydan uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: kloːd - klod alel /kloːd aˈlel/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Khrésydan uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

Suffix -yːn alelyn /aˈlelyːn/ learns

Numbers

Khrésydan has a base-10 number system:
1 - kro
2 - spli
3 - é
4 - gred
5 - by
6 - pro
7 - pra
8 - plo
9 - astri
10 - an
100 - en
1000 - tre

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sɛː
Else: Suffix -isɛː
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -er
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -al
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ge
Else: Suffix -age
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʰeː
Else: Suffix -etʰeː
Noun to verb = Suffix -ɔː
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pa
Else: Suffix -eːpa
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -es
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -ɛːs
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ar
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -so
Else: Suffix -oː
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tti
Else: Suffix -etti
Diminutive = Suffix -od
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gaː
Else: Suffix -aːgaː

Dictionary

3050 Words.

Spoken by

• Khrésydan