Noori
Natively known as: Nũri /ˈnũri/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...si mimɐ̃mi bɾu mɨsi pi mameki si mimaħi pi maʎɨmi mikũmĩ fɾa masmɨmi
Pronunciation: /si ˈmimɐ̃mi bɾu ˈmɨsi pi ˈmameki si ˈmimaħi pi ˈmaʎɨmi ˈmikũmĩ fɾa ˈmasmɨmi/
Noori word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Phonology
Syllable structure: Variable
Stress pattern: advanced
Word initial consonants: bl, bɾ, d, dw, dɾ, f, fl, fɾ, gɾ, h, l, m, n, p, pl, pɾ, q, r, s, sɾ, t, tɾ, v, vj, w, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʁ, ʁj, ʃ, ʎ, ʒ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: d, dd, dɾ, dˤ, f, g, gl, gn, gɾ, h, j, jj, k, kr, ks, kt, kw, kɾ, l, ld, ldɾ, lg, lk, ll, lm, lp, ls, lt, lɾ, lʔ, m, mb, mm, mp, mpl, mpɾ, n, nd, ndɾ, nf, ng, ngl, ngɾ, nk, nkl, nkɾ, nm, ns, nstɾ, nt, ntɾ, ntˤ, nð, p, ps, pt, pɾ, q, qq, r, rr, s, sd, sg, sgɾ, sk, skɾ, sl, sm, sp, st, stɾ, sˤ, t, tl, tɾ, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, xp, xpl, xs, xtɾ, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ɲ, ɾ, ɾd, ɾf, ɾg, ɾk, ɾl, ɾm, ɾn, ɾp, ɾpɾ, ɾs, ɾt, ɾx, ɾʧ, ʃ, ʎ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: d, f, fl, h, j, jj, js, jʃ, k, l, ll, m, n, q, r, rdˤ, s, sm, t, tˤ, w, wʃ, x, zʔ, ħ, ɲ, ɲs, ɲʃ, ɾ, ʁ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
Stress pattern: advanced
Word initial consonants: bl, bɾ, d, dw, dɾ, f, fl, fɾ, gɾ, h, l, m, n, p, pl, pɾ, q, r, s, sɾ, t, tɾ, v, vj, w, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʁ, ʁj, ʃ, ʎ, ʒ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: d, dd, dɾ, dˤ, f, g, gl, gn, gɾ, h, j, jj, k, kr, ks, kt, kw, kɾ, l, ld, ldɾ, lg, lk, ll, lm, lp, ls, lt, lɾ, lʔ, m, mb, mm, mp, mpl, mpɾ, n, nd, ndɾ, nf, ng, ngl, ngɾ, nk, nkl, nkɾ, nm, ns, nstɾ, nt, ntɾ, ntˤ, nð, p, ps, pt, pɾ, q, qq, r, rr, s, sd, sg, sgɾ, sk, skɾ, sl, sm, sp, st, stɾ, sˤ, t, tl, tɾ, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, xp, xpl, xs, xtɾ, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ɲ, ɾ, ɾd, ɾf, ɾg, ɾk, ɾl, ɾm, ɾn, ɾp, ɾpɾ, ɾs, ɾt, ɾx, ɾʧ, ʃ, ʎ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: d, f, fl, h, j, jj, js, jʃ, k, l, ll, m, n, q, r, rdˤ, s, sm, t, tˤ, w, wʃ, x, zʔ, ħ, ɲ, ɲs, ɲʃ, ɾ, ʁ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- a → i / iC_
- s → ʤ / {i,u}_V
- N → h / _S
- n → ŋ / _{k,g}
- t → ʦ / _i
- w → Ø / #_
- k → w / V_
Morphology
Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mi-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʔi-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix mi-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix i-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pi-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix i-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ik- Else: Prefix iki-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix ma-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix int- Else: Prefix inti-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imi-
Diminutive = Prefix mu-
Augmentative = Prefix i-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʔi-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix mi-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix i-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pi-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix i-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ik- Else: Prefix iki-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix ma-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix int- Else: Prefix inti-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imi-
Diminutive = Prefix mu-
Augmentative = Prefix i-
Syntax
Main word order: Verb-Subject-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
Nouns have six cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
- Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
| Nominative | No affix mɐsdi /ˈmɐsdi/ dog (doing the verb) |
| Accusative | If starts with vowel: Prefix ik- Else: Prefix iko- ikomɐsdi /ˈikomɐsdi/ (verb done to) dog |
| Genitive | Prefix mi- mimɐsdi /ˈmimɐsdi/ dogʼs |
| Dative | Prefix i- imɐsdi /ˈimɐsdi/ to (the/a) dog |
| Locative | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imi- imimɐsdi /ˈimimɐsdi/ near/at/by (the/a) dog |
| Ablative | If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix ni- nimɐsdi /ˈnimɐsdi/ from (the/a) dog |
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | No affix nimɛmi /ˈnimɛmi/ man | No affix miɲi /ˈmiɲi/ woman |
| Plural | Prefix miː- miːnimɛmi /ˈmiːnimɛmi/ men | Prefix i- imiɲi /ˈimiɲi/ women |
Articles
| Definite | Indefinite | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | mõ /mõ/ the | po /po/ a |
| Plural | mi /mi/ the | mu /mu/ some |
Pronouns
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Locative | Ablative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ði /ði/ I | wi /wi/ me | pũ /pũ/ mine | fi /fi/ to me | ʁi /ʁi/ at me | fɾa /fɾa/ from me |
| 2nd singular | mi /mi/ you | si /si/ you | ʕi /ʕi/ yours | mo /mo/ to you | li /li/ at you | pɾa /pɾa/ from you |
| 3rd singular masc | bɾu /bɾu/ he | pɾi /pɾi/ him | ʒi /ʒi/ his | mɔ /mɔ/ to him | me /me/ at him | mɨ /mɨ/ from him |
| 3rd singular fem | pi /pi/ she | pɔ /pɔ/ her | mẽ /mẽ/ hers | dɾi /dɾi/ to her | vjɐ̃w̃ /vjɐ̃w̃/ at her | pɨ /pɨ/ from her |
| 1st plural | miː /miː/ we | gɾo /gɾo/ us | ti /ti/ ours | ʤi /ʤi/ to us | muː /muː/ at us | dwuː /dwuː/ from us |
| 2nd plural | qi /qi/ you (all) | mɛ /mɛ/ you (all) | ɣi /ɣi/ yours | mĩ /mĩ/ to you (all) | ʃi /ʃi/ at you (all) | fɾɨ /fɾɨ/ from you (all) |
| 3rd plural masc | pa /pa/ they | mu /mu/ them | θi /θi/ theirs | pĩ /pĩ/ to them | mõ /mõ/ at them | ni /ni/ from them |
| 3rd plural fem | ʔi /ʔi/ they | ma /ma/ them | tɾi /tɾi/ theirs | pla /pla/ to them | di /di/ at them | pɾu /pɾu/ from them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | mi /mi/ my |
| 2nd singular | mɔ /mɔ/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | pi /pi/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | di /di/ her |
| 1st plural | ma /ma/ our |
| 2nd plural | mĩ /mĩ/ your |
| 3rd plural masc | mẽ /mẽ/ their |
| 3rd plural fem | mɐ̃w̃ /mɐ̃w̃/ their |
Verbs
Present
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | Prefix ʎi- ʎimiɾfi /ˈʎimiɾfi/ | Prefix qi- qimiɾfi /ˈqimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi- mimiɾfi /ˈmimiɾfi/ | Prefix o- omiɾfi /ˈomiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular masc | Prefix ĩ- ĩmiɾfi /ˈĩmiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ẽj- Else: Prefix ẽji- ẽjimiɾfi /ˈẽjimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular fem | Prefix ni- nimiɾfi /ˈnimiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ũk- Else: Prefix ũku- ũkumiɾfi /ˈũkumiɾfi/ |
| 1st plural | Prefix bɾa- bɾamiɾfi /ˈbɾamiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti- timiɾfi /ˈtimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix ik- Else: Prefix ikiː- ikiːmiɾfi /ˈikiːmiɾfi/ | Prefix mũ- mũmiɾfi /ˈmũmiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix iːm- Else: Prefix iːmi- iːmimiɾfi /ˈiːmimiɾfi/ | Prefix muː- muːmiɾfi /ˈmuːmiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural fem | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix maː- maːmiɾfi /ˈmaːmiɾfi/ | Prefix ti- timiɾfi /ˈtimiɾfi/ |
Past
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imi- imimiɾfi /ˈimimiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁ- Else: Prefix ʁi- ʁimiɾfi /ˈʁimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd singular | Prefix i- imiɾfi /ˈimiɾfi/ | Prefix miː- miːmiɾfi /ˈmiːmiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix ħ- Else: Prefix ħi- ħimiɾfi /ˈħimiɾfi/ | Prefix mɨ- mɨmiɾfi /ˈmɨmiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular fem | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mu- mumiɾfi /ˈmumiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɐ̃w̃dd- Else: Prefix ɐ̃w̃ddɔ- ɐ̃w̃ddɔmiɾfi /ˈɐ̃w̃ddɔmiɾfi/ |
| 1st plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imũ- imũmiɾfi /ˈimũmiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix q- Else: Prefix qi- qimiɾfi /ˈqimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imɐ- imɐmiɾfi /ˈimɐmiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix õk- Else: Prefix õki- õkimiɾfi /ˈõkimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural masc | Prefix ʕi- ʕimiɾfi /ˈʕimiɾfi/ | Prefix iː- iːmiɾfi /ˈiːmiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural fem | Prefix mẽ- mẽmiɾfi /ˈmẽmiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix tɾ- Else: Prefix tɾi- tɾimiɾfi /ˈtɾimiɾfi/ |
Remote past
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | Prefix mi- mimiɾfi /ˈmimiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ing- Else: Prefix ingi- ingimiɾfi /ˈingimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pi- pimiɾfi /ˈpimiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix uːm- Else: Prefix uːmi- uːmimiɾfi /ˈuːmimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular masc | Prefix ri- rimiɾfi /ˈrimiɾfi/ | Prefix aː- aːmiɾfi /ˈaːmiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular fem | Prefix õ- õmiɾfi /ˈõmiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imɛ- imɛmiɾfi /ˈimɛmiɾfi/ |
| 1st plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imĩ- imĩmiɾfi /ˈimĩmiɾfi/ | Prefix ʤi- ʤimiɾfi /ˈʤimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix ima- imamiɾfi /ˈimamiɾfi/ | Prefix si- simiɾfi /ˈsimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma- mamiɾfi /ˈmamiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix bl- Else: Prefix bla- blamiɾfi /ˈblamiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural fem | If starts with vowel: Prefix im- Else: Prefix imuː- imuːmiɾfi /ˈimuːmiɾfi/ | Prefix ʃi- ʃimiɾfi /ˈʃimiɾfi/ |
Future
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | Prefix ma- mamiɾfi /ˈmamiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛm- Else: Prefix ɛmi- ɛmimiɾfi /ˈɛmimiɾfi/ |
| 2nd singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix ik- Else: Prefix iki- ikimiɾfi /ˈikimiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ĩm- Else: Prefix ĩmi- ĩmimiɾfi /ˈĩmimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mẽ- mẽmiɾfi /ˈmẽmiɾfi/ | Prefix pi- pimiɾfi /ˈpimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd singular fem | Prefix a- amiɾfi /ˈamiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix ingɾ- Else: Prefix ingɾa- ingɾamiɾfi /ˈingɾamiɾfi/ |
| 1st plural | Prefix ũ- ũmiɾfi /ˈũmiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mõ- mõmiɾfi /ˈmõmiɾfi/ |
| 2nd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɨk- Else: Prefix ɨkɐ̃w̃- ɨkɐ̃w̃miɾfi /ˈɨkɐ̃w̃miɾfi/ | Prefix tɾi- tɾimiɾfi /ˈtɾimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix am- Else: Prefix ami- amimiɾfi /ˈamimiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix om- Else: Prefix omi- omimiɾfi /ˈomimiɾfi/ |
| 3rd plural fem | If starts with vowel: Prefix isg- Else: Prefix isgu- isgumiɾfi /ˈisgumiɾfi/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix iɾt- Else: Prefix iɾti- iɾtimiɾfi /ˈiɾtimiɾfi/ |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Noori uses the word for ‘already’ bɾa for the perfect aspect.Numbers
Noori has a base-20 number system: 1 - pĩ 2 - mɐ̃w̃ 3 - tɾi 4 - mimi 5 - ʁjɛ 6 - wimi 7 - maː 8 - mama 9 - mixtɾɨa 10 - mɐmi 11 - plɐkti 12 - ʒikumɐ 13 - mankɔmi 14 - pimungli 15 - maxtɾa 16 - põʃi 17 - mimõmĩ 18 - mitlɨmi 19 - milgɐ̃w̃mi 20 - mẽpti 21 - pĩ si mẽpti “one and twenty” 400 - pĩ bɾamma “one fourhundred” 401 - pĩ bɾamma pĩ “one fourhundred one” 800 - mɐ̃w̃ bɾamma “two fourhundred” 8000 - pĩ plẽi “one eightthousand”Phonetics
Consonant inventory: /b d dˤ f g h j k l m n p q r s sˤ t tˤ v w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ɲ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʒ ʔ ʕ ʤ ʧ θ/
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a aː e ẽ i iː ĩ o õ u uː ũ ɐ ɐ̃ ɐ̃w̃ ɔ ɛ ɨ/
Diphthongs: ɐ̃w̃
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||||
| Stop | p b | t tˤ d dˤ | k g | q | ʔ | |||||
| Affricate | ʧ ʤ | |||||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð ðˤ | s sˤ z | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | ʁ | ħ | h | ||
| Approximant | j | ʕ | ||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ʎ |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labio-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː ĩ | ɨ | u uː ũ |
| High-mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Near-low | ɐ ɐ̃ | ||
| Low | a aː |
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